Computers
- Animated
- Complexity - The study of algorithmic complexity. A topic of particular interest is the relationship between polynomial-time (P) and non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP), the latter consisting of algorithms for which there is a P solution given the right initial guess (often called witness or certificate).
- Compression
- Computational Algebra - Computational Algebra refers to the use of computers to perform mathematical operations in either a symbolic or numeric fashion. This includes (but is not limited to) such objects of interest as: * arbitrary precision integers * polynomials * finite fields * groups * vectors * matrices * graphs * codes * curves * integrals * differential equations * limits and many more. This section aims to provide references to subjects of relevance to the field of computational algebra, including lists of available software and descriptions of important algorithms in the field.
- Conferences - Conferences and similar meetings for study and research into Algorithms.
- General - A prescribed finite set of well defined rules or processes for the solutions of a problem in a finite number of steps. Explained in simple English, it is the mathematical formula for an operation, such as computing the check digits on packets of data that travel via packet switched networks.
- People - Reseachers in algorithms and related areas.
- Pseudorandom Numbers - Algorithms for generating numbers according to a particular probability distribution. For example, the two most common problems are generating integers uniformly between 1 and n, and generating real numbers uniformly between 0 and 1. Other common distributions include Gaussian and Poisson. Because most random-number-generation algorithms have no influence from the outside environment, they are inherently pseudorandom : predictable, and following a pattern, also ideally not an apparent one. Thus the quote: "Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin." - John von Neumann (1951) A classic reference on this topic, and a good starting point, is Donald Knuth's Art of Computer Programming . "Random number generators should not be chosen at random." - Donald Knuth (1986) Another good reference, for nonuniform random number generation in particular, is Luc Devroye's Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation (Springer-Verlag); see also his page in this category. There are also some approaches that claim to be "truly random," based on outside data like radioactive decay and white noise from deep space. However, randomness is inherently a theoretical notion, and is difficult to exhibit perfectly in real life, unless perhaps we fully master quantum mechanics.
- Publications - Publications in the field of Computer Algorithms: books, journals, preprints, bibliographies, web-based texts, lecture notes, etc.
- Research Groups - Specilist research groups in Algorithms.
- Sorting and Searching - Algorithms for sorting a list into order and searching for a values or values.
- Speech Recognition - Contains links for computer speech science resources, professional societies, telephony, hobbyist experiments, the odd algorithm and sites of interest to speech sciences researchers. For speech recognition consumer products, see Computers: Speech Technology
- Complexity - The study of algorithmic complexity. A topic of particular interest is the relationship between polynomial-time (P) and non-deterministic polynomial-time (NP), the latter consisting of algorithms for which there is a P solution given the right initial guess (often called witness or certificate).
- Academic Departments
- This category is for sites that give information about academic departments, academic research groups, or any other type of academic unit (not industry, not commercial) that is actively involved in working with artificial intelligence. For the title of your site, please submit Name of Parent Institution first, then name of Group. Example: Mississippi State University - AI Laboratory. Please list the topics covered on the site, without going into detail.
- Agents - Intelligent Agents and Multi Agent Systems are relatively new, but fast-growing fields of research in Artificial Intelligence. Agents are essentially independently functioning (sub)programs. Intelligent agents are autonomous and often have the capability to learn. Agents can be employed to a variety of tasks, such as information retrieval, process monitoring and negotiating tasks. You can also find additional agent resources in the Computers : Programming : Agents category .
- Applications
- Associations
- Belief Networks - Bayesian networks are used to show and calculate the effects of pieces of knowledge on each other. They are strongly related to expert systems, but use probability theory to calculate those effects and can therefore easily deal with problems like uncertainty and missing data.
- Companies
- Conferences and Events
- Creativity
- Distributed Projects - This category is on artificial intelligence projects that use Internet sites to gather large amounts of data from motivated members of the public.
- Fuzzy
- Games
- General - Artificial Intelligence is a field of science that has several goals. The first, often called "weak" AI, is the effort to design and implement computer systems that can perform tasks requiring intelligence when performed by humans. AI in computer games, knowledge based systems and such are typical examples of this branch. The second, less tangible branch, often called "strong" AI, is the research that ultimatly aims to build artificial systems that display real intelligence. It does this by trying to understand or model the nature of human intelligence. Both branches are multidisciplinary, in that they have close relations with the fields of computer science, philosophy, medicine, psychology, biology and linguistics.
- Genetic Programming
- Machine Learning
- Natural Language - Natural Language Processing has two major sub-categories: text and speech. Both include activities like: recognizing distinct words, deciding what part-of-speech the word is, parsing an utterance into phrases, generating new text/speech and translating text/speech from one language to another. Each of these steps has its own community of researchers.
- Neural Networks
- People
- Philosophy - Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence is an area for discussion on the combined disciples of the Philosophy of Mind with the scientific research, not restricted to Computer Science, into modeling, and replicating, human cognitive states in computing machinery. This category will focus on sites with resources, papers, discussions, and links are of interest.
- Programming Languages - This category lists programming languages that are of special value in AI research and applications.
- Publications
- Qualitative Physics
- Robotics
- Vision - Topics related to machine vision (automated image analysis.)
- Agents - Intelligent Agents and Multi Agent Systems are relatively new, but fast-growing fields of research in Artificial Intelligence. Agents are essentially independently functioning (sub)programs. Intelligent agents are autonomous and often have the capability to learn. Agents can be employed to a variety of tasks, such as information retrieval, process monitoring and negotiating tasks. You can also find additional agent resources in the Computers : Programming : Agents category .
- Agents
- Ant Colony Optimization
- Art
- Artificial Worlds
- Biomimicry - Using the processes of nature to solve problems.
- Cellular Automata
- Companies
- Conferences
- Distributed Projects - Much like the 'Seti@Home' project uses multiple machines to crunch lots of data so distributed artificial life projects use the power of internet to create a large artificial world for evolution to happen in.
- General - This category is for artificial life information, simulations, discussions and related sub topics like art and games.
- Iterated Prisoner Dilemma
- Lindenmayer Systems
- Particle Swarm - Mainly about Particle Swarm _Optimization_ (PSO). Particle swarm adaptation has been shown to successfully optimize a wide range of continuous functions. The algorithm, which is based on a metaphor of social interaction, searches a space by adjusting the trajectories of individuals, called particles as they are conceptualized as moving points in multidimensional space, toward the positions of their own previous best performance and the best previous performance of their neighbors.
- People - Researchers and practioners in the field of Artificial Life.
- Publications - Bibliographies, books, journals, magazines, preprints and other publications in the field of Artificial Life.
- Research Groups
- Software
- Ant Colony Optimization
- FTP File Systems
- Fidonet - FidoNet is an amateur electronic mail network with several decades of thousand of mail nodes world wide. Before Internet access became commonplace, FidoNet probably ranked up there alongside some of the better known commercial on-line services in terms of the number of people who used it. Now, of course, it is adapting to the new technologies and many FidoNet systems are also web servers, news servers, and generally accessible over the Internet in one way or another. FidoNet nodes are often personal computers in somebody's basement; the system operator (sysop) may be a young child or a retired grandfather. Some nodes are networks consisting of dozens of PCs or larger systems, and some are run by governments, fire departments, or large corporations to support the needs of their constituents or customers. A few are actually money making ventures.
- General - Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) have been around since the early 1980s in one form or another. Typically a 'gathering area' for people with similar interests, they have adapted, grown, and survived as times changed. BBS systems, while not as popular as they once were, have begun seeing a new dawning in recent times. They usually have a large variety of Spam free topical message areas. Online Gaming. Most have new and daily updated shareware files. Most have moved to the Internet and offer web based interaction. No need to utilize the old ANSI login style. Although Ansi logins are still widely available. With over 15,000 traditional BBS's remaining in the United States alone they are a pleasant alternative to the normal web based browsing.
- Information - BBS Information was designed to help new prospective BBS operators owners to aquire information about the BBS scene and the culture that we operate in. It is a great hobby and one that I enjoy. Feel free to give me feedback about the links and any you would like to suggest please submit them. Editor
- Listings - Listings of Dial up and Internet based BBS systems. You can find a system in your area or check out a system in another part of the world.
- Software
- Web Discussion Boards - Web Discussion Boards are places that contain topical discussions. A place were people of similar interest can get together and have lively discussions
- Web Rings - Webrings are fun and these are not exception. Check out hundreds of different BBS systems by visiting the various webrings.
- Wildcat Interactive Net Server - This Category is dedicated to anything to do with Wildcat Interactive Net Server. If you are a third party vendor or run a Wildcat system this is the Category to list your system. Software authors be sure to submit your web site along with your product descriptions and hot-links to your current products.
- Fidonet - FidoNet is an amateur electronic mail network with several decades of thousand of mail nodes world wide. Before Internet access became commonplace, FidoNet probably ranked up there alongside some of the better known commercial on-line services in terms of the number of people who used it. Now, of course, it is adapting to the new technologies and many FidoNet systems are also web servers, news servers, and generally accessible over the Internet in one way or another. FidoNet nodes are often personal computers in somebody's basement; the system operator (sysop) may be a young child or a retired grandfather. Some nodes are networks consisting of dozens of PCs or larger systems, and some are run by governments, fire departments, or large corporations to support the needs of their constituents or customers. A few are actually money making ventures.
- 2D Drafting
- Software for CAD drafting without 3d modelling capabilities.
- AEC Design - This category encompasses all software which is directly involved in or closely related to the production electronic data for the design and production of buildings and surrounds. It covers the creation of concepts through to the production of working documentation. It encompasse the creation of "Virtual Buildings" down to the production of 2D working drawings.
- Associations - Organizations relating to the CAD industry and it's professions.
- AutoCAD - AutoCAD is a general purpose computer aided design (CAD) package, manufactured by Autodesk, Inc. The software can be extended by using a number of compiled or interpreted programming languages, most prominently AutoLISP. Current versions of AutoCAD run exclusively on Microsoft Windows systems.
- CATIA - Links relating to Dassault Systems CATIA CAD system software.
- Cadkey - Links relating to Baystate Technologies' CADKEY CAD software
- Computer Aided Manufacturing - A CAM System produces a GCode program that runs a CNC machine. CNC Equipment comes in many flavors: Horizontal and Vertical Machining Centers (Mills), Two & Fours Axis Lathes, CY Axis Lathes (a mill and lathe in one machine), Routers, two & four axis wire EDM, Screw Machines, Lasers, Plasma Arcs, Punch and Nibble (fabrication equipment) and Water Jets. Then there is the Software to support CAM (getting the program to the machine) DNC - Direct Numerical Control. This software communicates from the computer at the programmers desktop to the CNC Machine transmitting the program to the Machine that produces the part.
- DataCAD - DataCAD is a brand of CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software designed primarily for architecture, engineering and construction. This category is for sites and pages specifically about DataCAD software use and related sales, support or services.
- Development
- Directories - Link collections, general resource sites, and searchable databases serving the CAD industry, not specialized to any specific software package.
- Drawing Exchange and Interoperability
- Education - Sites that inform about teaching and learning general CAD skills.
- Electronic Design Automation - EDA Electronic design automation
- Employment - Sites that list job offers and resumes in the CAD field, or about related recruiting service companies.
- General - Computer Aided Design Computer software and (sometimes) hardware used to design things. A CAD system might be as simple as a computerized drafting tool or as complex as a parametric mechanical constraint system, a routing and layout software for integrated electronic circuits, or an architectural program that knows about the physical and spatial properties of constructive elements in a building.
- IntelliCAD - A low cost CAD system designed with the goal of compatibility to AutoCAD on the file format and API levels.
- Magazines and E-zines
- Mapping and GIS - This category contains entries that focus on CAD/GIS intergration issues and technologies.
- Mechanical Design
- MicroStation
- PDMS - Cadcentre's Plant Design Management System for multi-user 3D design of manufacturing plants, available for Unix and Windows NT.
- PTC Pro Engineer - Pro/ENGINEER is a 3D parametric solid modeling CAD package. The parametric features make modeling flexible, as models are able to change based on the modification of their parent parts and assemblies. Pro/E is a high end manufacturing CAD system that can range in price from a few thousand per seat for Foundation to $40k per seat with all the options. Modules include parts, assemblies, drawings, sheetmetal, surfacing, NC, piping, cabling, ecad, mold, weldments, and behavioral modeling (BMX). There are a host of different PDM systems to help you manage Pro/E files.
- Parts Libraries - Sites that offer libraries of parts and object data for CAD systems either for download or to order.
- Product Data Management - Links relating to CAD Product Data Management (PDM). PDM is used most often by larger companies to keep track of CAD data file revisions, approvals, etc.
- Raster to Vector
- TurboCAD - TurboCAD is a general purpose 3D CAD package with solid modelling capabilities, that is most often used for achitectural and mechanical design.
- Unigraphics and Solid Edge - Links relating to Unigraphics Solution's Unigraphics, Solid Edge, and related products.
- Viewers
- AEC Design - This category encompasses all software which is directly involved in or closely related to the production electronic data for the design and production of buildings and surrounds. It covers the creation of concepts through to the production of working documentation. It encompasse the creation of "Virtual Buildings" down to the production of 2D working drawings.
- Data Warehousing
- Product Support - Manufacturers and Developers: updates, service packs, on-line technical support.
- Render Farms
- Software Development - The software development life cycle includes the following: Project Planning Requirements Definition Systems Design Code Implementation Code Integration Testing Deployment Maintenance Software development companies are primarily engaged in the business of providing one or more of the above services along with training and support.
- Product Support - Manufacturers and Developers: updates, service packs, on-line technical support.
- Academic Departments
- Computer Graphics
- Conferences
- Database Theory
- Directories
- Distributed Computing
- Organizations - This category contains sites that facilitate the growth and development of Computer Science.
- People - This category is a "white pages" for computer science researchers. Any person who has made a significant contribution to the field is eligible to be listed. (By this definition, anyone with a Ph.D. certainly qualifies by default.) Such submissions are encouraged! A candidates' web page should have complete information about their work, including links to their publications. The description for each person listed should give their institution (if any) and then a list of keywords describing their research interests. This category may eventually contain a huge number of researchers in many diverse areas, so the keywords should be very specific.
- Publications - Scientific publications of all forms related to Computer Science. Notes: In spite of their name, technical report archives include usually conference or journal papers (they are usually FTP sites of research institutions). The number of items indexed by an engine is constantly increasing. However it gives an order of magnitude useful to compare indexes (most of the figures were gathered at end 2000). In bibliographic indexes, if search for on-line documents only is not allowed by the search form, try http and ftp as keywords. Usually, indexes are run by scientists as part of their research, and the indexing engines are sometime made available, for instance ResearchIndex and Ncstrl.
- Reference
- Research Institutes
- Theoretical
- Computer Graphics
- Business Systems
- CAD Systems
- Data Transfer
- Databases - This directory listing feaures individual consultants and firms that focus primarily or significantly on delivering database development and database administration services.
- Embedded Systems - Consultants for Embedded Systems are individuals and companies who assist others in the specification, development and business management of products or services containing embedded systems. This category should include firms that do consulting as part of their suite of services which might include hardware and software design (e.g. a design house). This category should not include firms that primarily deal with the application of products that include embedded systems (e.g. a company that shows how to use PDA's for SFA)
- General - A computer consultant is any person, presumably an expert, upon whom other people rely for information and advice about computer-related products and/or services. However, most self-styled computer consultants simply provide general information and advice in conjunction with the portfolio of computer-related products and services which they sell. With the exception of those computer consultants who specialize in a particular type of hardware, software, or system, the easiest way to distinguish between computers consultants is by geographical location. Accordingly, most computer consultants will be found listed under an appropriate Computers: Consultants: Regional subcategory; if no geographical location or area of special expertise can be determined, computer consultants will be found listed under Computers: Consultants: General and Freelance. However, some computer consultants will be listed under the main category of Computers: Consultants because they have a special service that does not fit into one of the various subcategories. This is a judgment call made by the ODP editors who for some reason believe that these listings deserve to be highlighted in the main category. If you are submitting a URL to this directory, please keep in mind that all submissions must be reviewed by volunteer editors of the Open Directory Project (ODP) . Thus, multiple submissions of the same site to inappropriate categories will not improve your chances for being listed in this directory and may result in your site being blacklisted from ODP. This may also happen if you submit your site to a number of directories which use ODP data , but forward new submissions to ODP. Please take a moment to review the ODP Editorial Guidelines , and carefully choose the ODP categories to which you submit your site.
- General and Freelance
- Hardware
- Legal
- Macintosh Systems
- Microsoft
- Network
- Novell Systems
- Professional Associations - /Business/Consulting/Information_Technology/Professional_Associations/
- Regional - This category and all of its subcategories are currently being brought into compliance with the ODP Regional Guidelines.
- Systems Integrators
- Unix Systems
- Y2K
- CAD Systems
- Cable Modem
- Cable Modems offer a very high speed connection to the Internet, up to 10 MB's per second also known as a "broadband network bridge," and is not technically a modem.
- DSL - DSL is a high speed data transmission technology quickly adopted by local telephone companies to provide high speed Internet access using the current copper infrastructure.
- Digital Hierarchy
- Ethernet - Ethernet is used mostly in local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs) using CSMA/CD access method and is the most popular cabling technology. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems were called 10BASE-T, which provided transmission speeds of up to 10 Mbps.
- Frame Relay - Frame relay is an extremely efficient data transmission technique used to send digital information such as voice, data, local area network (LAN), and wide area network (WAN) traffic quickly and cost-efficiently to many destinations from one port.
- Installation - Sites that install data equipment, computer, LAN, WAN, fire etc. Low voltage wiring for residential and business. If your company also Installs Telephone Equipment or wires for telephone equipment, please submit your site to Telephone Vendors .
- Modems
- Organizations - Non-Vendor Organizations that are predominately focussed on issues surrounding Data Communications - from the physical layer through to the application layer.
- Reference - Tutorials, White Papers, Glossaries, and On-line Instruction in various aspects of data communications.
- Software - Data Communication software is software that allows a user to interchange information between two or more entities. Software can as complex as a network traffic analyzer and as simple as a ping/traceroute program. Data Communication Software is a broad description that contains software of different types running on different applications using different architectures.
- Support
- Telephony - Products, services, and companies related to the integration of computers and telephone systems. Sometimes also called Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) or, more narowly, voice over IP (VoIP).
- Testing and Tools
- Training
- Unified Messaging - This category is for developers of software or software/hardware solutions for Unified Messaging (UM).
- Vendors
- Wireless - Wireless has many definitions and subsets. 1. It is the fixed point-to-point signal transmissions that occur through the air over a terrestrial microwave platform which does not require satellite feeds or local phone service. 2. It can also be signal transmissions between cellular phones, PDA's, and other mobile devices.
- DSL - DSL is a high speed data transmission technology quickly adopted by local telephone companies to provide high speed Internet access using the current copper infrastructure.
- Archive
- Audio - This category is for links to specification, papers, source code, and tutorial about audio data formats . Audio data formats are a representation of auditory information -- stuff that you can hear.
- Compression
- Conversion
- Cryptography - Message and file formats used in the field of cryptography.
- Database
- Document - The formats used by software applications to store different types of documents .
- Executable
- File Systems - In order for computers to store information on hard drives, floppy disks, cds, tapes, etc otherwise known as electronic media, the computer has to understand where the information is stored and how to read that information. File system data formats are technical descriptions on how the information can be accessed. This category is used to collect information on different file formats for three purposes. These purposes are Educating programmers so that they can make full use of the file systems they work with, providing reference material for compatibility and providing information for the creation of new file systems.
- Games
- General - A set of specifications that defines the way different types of data should be stored in computer systems for use by applications or the end user. This category is mainly for technical specifications of data formats . Although it tries to also be helpful and help you find relevant software for and examples of these data formats .
- Graphics - This category is for links to specification, papers, source code, and tutorial about graphics data formats . Graphics data formats are a representation of visual information -- stuff that you can see.
- Help - The formats used by various help systems. These help systems are used to deliver application online help, and other information content.
- MIME Types
- Markup Languages
- Audio - This category is for links to specification, papers, source code, and tutorial about audio data formats . Audio data formats are a representation of auditory information -- stuff that you can hear.
- General
- The use of computers to lay out text and graphics for printing in magazines, newsletters, brochures, etc. Sites about desktop publishing only. This includes tutorials, groups and other resources for desktop publishers. Please list desktop publishing and printing businesses in the Business/Publishing_and_Printing/ category. Graphic Design businesses are listed in Arts/Graphic Design.
- Greeting Cards - Products and information about creating your own Greeting Cards on the computer and printing out paper greeting cards from a computer and printer. "Virtual greeting cards", or E-Mail and Web messages, are listed in Computers/Internet/E-mail/Electronic_Postcards .
- Software
- Greeting Cards - Products and information about creating your own Greeting Cards on the computer and printing out paper greeting cards from a computer and printer. "Virtual greeting cards", or E-Mail and Web messages, are listed in Computers/Internet/E-mail/Electronic_Postcards .
- Compilers
- Software tools for creating electronic books.
- Conferences - Academic and commercial conferences, meetings, trade shows, workshops, and associated events with a major focus on electronic books.
- General - Sites with information about electronic books, including e-book guides, news reports on e-book business and technology, and pages about electronic book readers. Also includes gateways to the related ODP categories for e-book titles, stores, and publishers. Electronic books are a communications medium, just like regular books, or CD-ROMS, are communications mediums. Types of electronic books include: electronic texts, or e-texts; and electronic reading devices.
- Guides - Guiding information about electronic books.
- News and Media - Publications from online news services, newspapers, books, magazines, e-zines, and journals with electronic books as a principal topic.
- Readers - Hardware devices that display e-book material (text and images) for reading.
- Titles - Electronic book titles (writing that can be downloaded or transferred by some other means and read offline by an e-book reader), with links to related ODP categories (please refer to these categories for listings and submissions on their respective topics): Electronic Text Archives are printed literary texts available on the Internet. Online Reading and Online Writing are for sites containing works that exist and are accessible exclusively online. Digital Library Collections provide entrances into the collections and user services of digital, nonphysical, libraries. E-Books for Sale are listed in the related Shopping category.
- Conferences - Academic and commercial conferences, meetings, trade shows, workshops, and associated events with a major focus on electronic books.
- Certification
- This category is for sites related to gaining computer certification. It provides resources for those taking; or thinking of taking these exams.
- Commercial Services - Websites for companies who provide services to the IT education industry are listed here. Submitting to the correct subcategory will expedite the listing of your site. Submitting your site to all subcategories, or repeatedly to the same one will annoy the editors. Training companies should submit their sites to Computers: Education: Commercial_Services: Training_Companies or the appropriate subcategory or related category: Customized Training : Websites for companies that offer location-based training for limited software, technical topics, or training that is customized for specific clients or industries. Macintosh Training : Websites for companies who provide training for the Macintosh computer and all related products. Self-Study : Websites for companies who provide or support products or curriculums which can be used for training at one's own pace. Internet Courses : Websites that offer courses primarily online. Sites offering classroom-based courses should be listed in the appropriate Regional section. Online-Training : Sites providing online courses (not pdf, html or classroom please) in software or computer related areas only.
- Courses - This category is for general computer courses.
- FAQs, Help, and Tutorials - Sites in this category should be very general in nature. More specific help categories exist all over the directory, the most important and useful of which are listed as @links in this category.
- General - All aspects of Learning and Teaching about and with Computers including Tutorials, HOWTOs, teaching software. Company sites providing training in computers, software, etc. should be submitted to the Commercial Services sub-category. All foreign language sites belong in the appropriate World/ category.
- Hardware - This category is for Hardware related education. We have categories for tutorials and How To's.
- Internet - This category contains websites that pertain to computer education about the use of and development of the internet. Sites submitted should offer education or training in a range of internet related courses. Tutorials in specific web development areas like JavaScript or Flash, should be submitted to the appropriate specific category. General training and educational courses delivered via the internet should be submitted to Online Teaching and Learning . Computer software training delivered via the internet should be submitted to Online Training .
- Programming - This category is for resources and tutorials related to programming. It should contain How To's and tips, or general training resources, on languages such as HTML , C++ , Visual Basic, or Delphi.
- Software - This category is for sites providing information about software education, or educational software. Companies that provide software training should be submitted to Training Companies or the appropriate subcategory. Companies that provide computer training by using audiocassettes, videos, and handbooks should submit their sites to Self-Study . Companies that provide computer training online should submit their sites to Online Training .
- Commercial Services - Websites for companies who provide services to the IT education industry are listed here. Submitting to the correct subcategory will expedite the listing of your site. Submitting your site to all subcategories, or repeatedly to the same one will annoy the editors. Training companies should submit their sites to Computers: Education: Commercial_Services: Training_Companies or the appropriate subcategory or related category: Customized Training : Websites for companies that offer location-based training for limited software, technical topics, or training that is customized for specific clients or industries. Macintosh Training : Websites for companies who provide training for the Macintosh computer and all related products. Self-Study : Websites for companies who provide or support products or curriculums which can be used for training at one's own pace. Internet Courses : Websites that offer courses primarily online. Sites offering classroom-based courses should be listed in the appropriate Regional section. Online-Training : Sites providing online courses (not pdf, html or classroom please) in software or computer related areas only.
- ABC80
- Emulator of the ABC80 computer from Philips.
- Acorn
- Amiga - Sites about emulating the Amiga computer and operating system on other computers.
- Amstrad - Emulators for Amstrad computers : CPC 464/664/6128 and 464+/6128+, GX4000, PCW 8256/8512/9256/9512/9512 and NC 100/150/200
- Apple - Category that covers emulation of all computer systems from Apple, including Apple II, Lisa and Macintosh.
- Atari - Dealing with the topic of emulating the computers and consoles produced by Atari. Covering both the emulators themselves and the web sites that support them. This indludes, but is not limited to, the Atari 8-Bit (400/800, XL, XE), Atari ST (520/1040ST(e), MegaST(e), Falcon030) and consoles (2600, 5200, 7800, Jaguar).
- Commodore
- DEC - Emulation of systems published by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- EDSAC - The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was the first full-scale computer with electronic stored programs. It began its operation at Cambridge University in England June 1949.
- Enterprise - When first announced it was the Enterprise Elan, a little while later it became the Flan, then the Samurai and when it was finally released (about two years late) they had settled on just Enterprise.
- Exidy - Emulators and emulation resources for Exidy Sorcerer and Exidy Sorcerer 2.
- General - Emulation is the process of simulating the hardware of one computer (particularly the processor) via software on a different one. In other words, it allows you to use software meant for another system that you may not have access to by running a program on your system. For instance, an emulator will let you use an arcade machine that no longer exist or use a game console that can no longer be purchased. Note that this category is different from Games: Video Games: Emulation because the focus here is on the emulation of personal computer systems and Operating Systems running on these.
- HP 48GX
- Host Platforms - Rather than place many of these sites in the top level, this category was created so that more organization could be given to the many sites that are dedicated to emulation for a particular platform. Sites that are dedicated to a specific target, are listed in the appropriate category under Computers: Emulators: Targets .
- IBM Mainframe - Emulators, tools, and emulation resources for IBM Mainframe Systems.
- Information and Papers - Wondering exactly what all this emulation stuff is about? These sites include information about what emulation is and how it works. These sites also contain links to emulators for most platforms.
- Intel x86 Architecture - Emulation of Intel x86 (includes Pentium) including Operating Systems that run on it.
- Jupiter Ace - Emulators for the Jupiter ACE from Camtab.
- MSX - This category covers emulators of MSX, a standard platform design which was licensed to many manufacturers.
- Memotech - Emulators of the Memotech computers.
- News and Media - This category helps to locate sites that keep computer users informed of the latest happenings in the world of emulation. These sites are popular with hard-core emulation fans, but also alow newcommers to get their feet wet and become part of the emulation community.
- Oric
- Palm OS - Emulators and emulation resources for various models of Palm OS platform devices.
- Sharp - Emulators and emulation resource for system published by Sharp
- Sinclair - Emulations of the Sinclar computers and various compatibles including but not limited to ZX80, ZX81, Timex-Sinclair, QL, ZX Spectrum, SAM Coupé and Pentagon 128.
- Spectravideo - General emulation resources and emulators for systems published by Spectravideo.
- TI-99 4A - Emulators and emulation resources for the TI-99/4A and other systems generally considered to be in the TI-99/4A 'family', which include the TI-99/2, TI-99/4, TI-99/8, CC40, Geveve and the Tomy Tutor.
- Tandy
- Thomson - Thomson MO5 is a 6809 based computer designed by Thomson in 1984. This category is for sites about emulating the MO5.
- Acorn
- Codes of Ethics
- As a reference of examples of ethical codes regarding computers, this category contains established codes of computer ethics currently or formerly in use by companies, organizations, or professional guilds.
- Directories
- General
- Directories
- Animation
- Animation is a simulation of motion created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames. It is different from video in that independent images are put together to form the illusion of continuous motion. Video takes continuous motion and breaks it up into a set of frames. This category deals with the use of computers in generating various forms of animation.
- Books
- Clip Art - Clipart is the term used when defining digitized or electronic drawings. Common formats that are used are PICT, Paint, GIF, TIFF, EPS, and JPEG. Clipart can be copied and added to desktop publishing programs, brochures, newsletters, and other documents created with programs or used in web presentation.
- General
- Web - Web graphics are computer display images or animated motion pictures that can be displayed on Web sites. They can incorporate animated GIFs, banners, bars, backgrounds, interfaces, page elements, and clip art. Browsers usually support only a few graphic formats like GIF, JPG, and PNG. If you try to use WMF or EPS formats most people won't be able to view your graphics, because browsers can't display these formats without installing other software like a plugin.
- Books
- Commentary
- Conventions - Local, regional, national, and international hacking and computer-security related conventions. Hacking conventions are much much more than a bunch of high school cyber punks hacking away all night. These events have a type of community atmosphere among hackers. Some people can talk in chat rooms for years before meeting each other face to face. These conventions are prime opportunities to meet those people. The knowledge you can learn at these type of events is endless.
- Cracking - Cracking is the art of breaking the registration, nag screen, time limits and various other aspects of a piece of software. It is a specialized field which may take several months or even years to master. The art of 'cracking' is a challenge to the cracker rather than an effort to pirate software, and generally benifits the software industry by pushing new development and technologies.
- Cryptography
- Ethics - Computer hacking (and hacking in general) is an often misunderstood part of today's society. As the media and various computer security outfits like to focus on what hackers have the potential to do, instead of what they actually do. In general, a hacker is seen as a social outcast that turns to the computer to gain a sense of power by generally destroying and stealing the possesions of other people. While that is true of some hackers, it is only one part of the entire picture. What we are dealing with here is an entire coculture, having roots as far back as 1960, when the term "hacker" was first applied to MIT students. Many hackers adhere to a mostly unwritten code of ethics, which sometimes would lead both outsiders and new hackers into believing that they don't exist at all. Surprisingly it is these same people that are most visible. People just beginning their exploration onto the internet will most likely come into contact with the "rogue hacker" or a hacker that doesn't follow the hacker code of ethics. These rogue hackers portray a bad image of the hacker community in general, and often seem immature by using the so called "elite speek (l33t3, h4ck3r l4m3r)." This category was started with the hope to better educate non-hackers and hackers alike about what it truly means to be a hacker, the various types of hackers, and various aspectts of the hacker community. It also has the purpose of teaching hackers about the non-hacker society, as hackers also carry misconceptions about the "real world."
- Exploits - Exploits are demonstration software or techniques that illustrate a means of taking adavantage of a vulnerability in order to cause software to behave other than expected.
- Fake Identification
- General - Hacking is about gaining more knowledge through the use of computers. This category contains links to sites about hacking, cracking, anarchy, credit card fraud and the like. It also lists information about exploits and the hacker culture. It does not list links to sites that are offering passwords, or anything else which is illegal in the U.S.
- Groups - This category lists Hacking groups from all over the world.
- HERF, EMP, Tempest - HERF: High Energy Radio Frequency [gun] is used to disable electronic equipment -- everything from computers to cars. EMP: Electro-Magnetic Pulse is released by air-burst nuclear weapons. TEMPEST: Also known as Van Eck Phreaking, it's the process of snooping on the display of a CRT via electromagnetic waves.
- Hardware - Hackers don't just break into computers ;-)
- Newbies - Starting out as a newbie in the hacking or security world is by no means easy. Many hours are spent in frustration, trying to figure out how things work and how they don't. It takes a while but its an interesting experience. This category is designed to help out as much as possible. Good Luck. -mistral
- People
- Phreaking - This section is concerned with the art of phone phreaking, exploring the telephone system in unusual ways.
- Publications - Hacking related publications.
- Software
- Software Piracy - Software Piracy is the activity of copying and redistributing software, computer programs, in violation of copyright. Sometimes this involves "cracking", breaking or working around the parts of the program code meant to ensure that no one copies it illegally. Sometimes it just involves making a copy when the agreement says not to. These redistributed pirated programs are often known as Warez. The Open Directory will not list links to sites that are substantially focused on the distribution of illegal materials. The sites listed here discuss the practice, for and against, and some may even provide information on how to do it, or how to find other sites that distribute the software, but these sites do not distribute the material themselves.
- Stores - This category is intended to list sites which sell merchandise that a hacker might be interested in. These items can range from Jolt cola to a lineman's handset.
- Text Archives - Hacking and information security text archives.
- Viruses
- WWWBoards
- Conventions - Local, regional, national, and international hacking and computer-security related conventions. Hacking conventions are much much more than a bunch of high school cyber punks hacking away all night. These events have a type of community atmosphere among hackers. Some people can talk in chat rooms for years before meeting each other face to face. These conventions are prime opportunities to meet those people. The knowledge you can learn at these type of events is endless.
- Buses
- An electrical connection which allows two or more wires or lines to be connected together. Typically, all circuit cards receive the same information that is put on the Bus. Only the card the informations is "addressed" to will use that data. This is convenient so that a circuit card may be plugged in "anywhere on the Bus." All computers and most telephone systems use buses of some type. Computer buses are typically open. Telephone system buses are typically closed.
- Cables - May refer to a number of different types of wires or groups of wires capable of carrying audio or data transmissions. Category contains either: Cables for computers, Audio Cables, SCSI Cables. To submitters: This is for retail sites selling cabling. If your company is a manufacturer please submit to the correct category.
- Calculators - A machine for the mechanical performance of mathematical operations, for the most part invented by Charles Babbage and G. and E. Scheutz. It computes logarithmic and other mathematical tables of a high degree of intricacy, imprinting the results on a leaden plate, from which a stereotype plate is then directly made.
- Components - A small binary object or program that performs a specific function and is designed in such a way to easily operate with other components and applications. Submit sites that have to do with memory, motherboards, video and sound cards, microprocessors, ASICs and Chips, BIOS plus fans and cooling devices. The main category should be sites that sell a variety of all the components.
- Embedded - This category contains links to everything and anything related to embedded systems and embedded system development.
- Historical - A collection of materials relating to the history of computing.
- Open Source - This category is for hardware developed and licensed openly and freely.
- Peripherals - A peripheral is any computer device that is not part of the essential computer (the processor, memory, and data paths) but is situated relatively close by. A near synonym is input/output (I/O) device. Some peripherals are mounted in the same case with the main part of the computer as are the hard drive, CD-ROM drive, and network interface cards. Other peripherals are outside the computer case, such as the printer and image scanner, attached by a wired or wireless connection.
- Programmable Logic - Programmable Logic are chips that can be programmed to do things. You can design some electronic circuit and programm it into an IC.
- Retailers - Computer hardware retailers organized alphabetically with some additional special categories. Submission Guidelines - The Open Directory Project editors are committed to building the most useful Directory on the Internet. We want to help your promotion efforts by listing your site in a timely manner. We want your website to be found easily. By choosing the most appropriate category, you assist us in both these efforts. Please be sure to review the FAQ for more information.
- Standards - Agreed principles of protocol. Standards are set by committees working under various trade and international organizations.
- Storage - Storage is the main area in a computer in which data is stored for quick access by the computer's processor. This term originated in the days of the mainframe computer to distinguish the more immediately accessible data storage from auxiliary storage. On today's computers, especially personal computers and workstations, the term random access memory (RAM) is usually used instead of main storage, and the hard disk, diskettes, and CD-ROMs collectively describe auxiliary storage.
- Systems - Any complete collection of hardware, firmware, and peripherals, designed to work together. In the PC world a computer system comprises at least the following: a system unit that houses hardware and floppy disk drives, memory, the motherboard and any required expansion boards: a keyboard, a mouse and a monitor. Other hardware devices may also be present, such as a printer, modem or backup tape drive Although the operating system and even application software can be thought of as parts of a complete computer system this category focuses on the HARDWARE components only. The Computers/Systems category covers hardware and software systems.
- Technical Evaluations and Product Reviews - Professional and non-professional evaluations and reviews of computer related components.
- Technical Support and Services - This category is for any and all services involved with computers and computer hardware. Service and support with systems integration, computer repair, network installation, etc. All other submissions will be deleted.
- Test Equipment - Any hardware equipment that can perform tests.
- Used - Sites dealing with used hardware for computers or used systems only!
- Cables - May refer to a number of different types of wires or groups of wires capable of carrying audio or data transmissions. Category contains either: Cables for computers, Audio Cables, SCSI Cables. To submitters: This is for retail sites selling cabling. If your company is a manufacturer please submit to the correct category.
- General
- Languages
- Operating Systems
- Pioneers
- References - References are essays, articles, descriptions, chronologies charts, that may contribute to an understanding of computer history or the history of computing, in general.
- Software
- Languages
- General
- The field of Home Automation is expanding rapidly as electronic technologies converge. The home network encompasses communications, entertainment, security, convenience and information systems. This category holds sites of broad scope on the topic.
- Products and Manufacturers - Manufacturers of home automation related products. For product resellers, please refer to the vendor area.
- Software
- Vendors
- Products and Manufacturers - Manufacturers of home automation related products. For product resellers, please refer to the vendor area.
- Companies and Consultants
- Sites related to companies or consultants working mainly in the Human-Computer Interaction field. Keywords: Usability, User Experience, User Interaction, User Interface
- Conferences - Conferences in the Human-Computer Interaction field.
- Departments - Education and university program in the Human-Computer Interaction field.
- General - Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) covers a wide range of topics such as human characteristics, activities and behavior, the design of objects, relevant to the implementation of interactive computer systems and aimed to optimization of the relationship between technology and human.
- Hardware - Research and studies on computer hardware devices used for interface with human users.
- Organizations - Organizations and user groups focused on Human Computer Interaction.
- Software - Research and studies on computer software used for interact with human users.
- Conferences - Conferences in the Human-Computer Interaction field.
- Abuse
- Do not submit In Computers:Internet:Abuse. Please look for the appropriate sub-category below. Denial of Service Sites about hostile web applets which maliciously consume resources. How To Report Sites which instruct how to report internet abuse. How To Report Web Abuse Sites which instruct how to report abuse in specific web communities. Sexual Harassment Sites about sexual harrassment on the internet. Spam Sites which have to do with spam, anti-spam software and tactics, spam laws, and people accused of spamming. Spam laws Sites about spam laws.
- Access Providers - Resources about and for Internet Service Providers (ISPs)... companies which provide access to the Internet, via dialup connections, leased lines, etc. NOTE that entries for actual ISPs should be added under the REGIONAL category for the parts of the world they serve (for instance, National ISPs in the U.S.A. would go under Regional/USA). Sites that do not offer Internet access, such as companies that specialize in web hosting and domain name registration, don't belong under here since they have their own Open Directory category elsewhere. If you find another good worldwide list of ISPs, you can add that under Regional. ISP lists that only deal with some portion of the world should be added under the category for the parts of the world they cover. You may want to add "[ISPLIST]" to the beginning of the title of the site, to set it apart from the normal listings.
- Broadcasting - Broadcasting of Audio/Video using the Internet, specifically, Internet only broadcasters or broadcasting. Please submit the the appropriate subcategory.
- Chat - This category includes web-based chat, as well as IRC-chat, and IRC-chat resources. If you're not sure which to choose, then try the General guides listed here , it recommends easy-to-use chat sites, and lists many help files for beginning chatters.
- Child Safety
- Consultants - Sites about consulting services offered to businesses on the Internet.
- Cybercafes - Web sites for Cybercafes (also known as Internet Cafes or Café) from all over the world. Submit your site the appropriate regional sub-category to help speed the editing of your submission.
- Cyberspace
- Domain Names - Domain_Names guides users to subcategories which contain all resources and services having to do with Domain Name Services. The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed database used by computer systems to map between hostnames and IP addresses, and to provide electronic mail routing information. Each site (university department, campus,company, or department within a company, for example) maintains its own database of information and runs a server program that other systems across the Internet can query. The DNS provides the protocol which allows clients and servers to communicate with each other. This category includes the companies that provide the resources to make this system work, companies that provide the resources to end users for use or resell and sites that discuss issues in the system.
- E-mail - Establish a web-based email address you can access anywhere, anytime using your favorite browser. Most services are advertisement supported and require at times an extensive disclosure of personal information. Keep in mind that your primary choice in usernames will probably be taken on the more popular email services such as Hotmail and Yahoo Mail. To avoid having to use obscure usernames, you may have to register with a smaller or newer email service such as PopMail or Postmark.
- Etiquette - Internet etiquette, or "Netiquette", refers to practices of writing, contact, and behavior on the Internet. This includes normal terms of etiquette, as well as other conventions of behavior that have become established over years of electronic communication.
- Gopher - From The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (05 Sep 00): A popular distributed document retrieval system which started as a Campus Wide Information System at the University of Minnesota. Many hosts on the Internet now run Gopher servers which provide a menu of documents. A document may be a plain text file, sound, image, submenu or other Gopher object type. It may be stored on another host or may provide the ability to search through certain files for a given string. From Jargon File (4.2.0, 31 Jan 2000): gopher n. A type of Internet service first floated around 1991 and obsolesced around 1995 by the World Wide Web. Gopher presents a menuing interface to a tree or graph of links; the links can be to documents, runnable programs, or other gopher menus arbitrarily far across the net. Some claim that the gopher software, which was originally developed at the University of Minnesota, was named after the Minnesota Gophers (a sports team). Others claim the word derives from American slang `gofer' (from "go for", dialectal "go fer"), one whose job is to run and fetch things. Finally, observe that gophers dig long tunnels, and the idea of tunneling through the net to find information was a defining metaphor for the developers. Probably all three things were true, but with the first two coming first and the gopher-tunnel metaphor serendipitously adding flavor and impetus to the project as it developed out of its concept stage.
- History - The Internet is a vast knowledge resource with a humble background. It could not have been expected that it would grow to be a part of our everyday lives. These are the links that make the Internet of our past as distant as the start of life itself.
- Internet Fax
- Magazines - Computers/Internet/Magazines is for web sites of internet magazines or professional reviews of such sites. Such magazines need not have a print component but must have unique content per the general requirements to be placed on the Open Directory Project.
- Mailing Lists - Mailing lists are essentially emails that are distributed to more than one person. When you join a list, you become a "subscriber" to that list. There are an estimated 200,000+ lists on the Internet. They cover as general subjects as "Small Business" to really specific things like "sushi-lovers." There is really something for everyone... and if you don't find one that suits your needs, you can always start your own! Mailing lists can either be one-way or two-way. Two-way lists include discussion lists. Discussion lists can be moderated or unmoderated. When you send an email to a discussion list, you are "posting" to the list. Moderated means a human screens each post before it gets distributed to the list. Unmoderated means posts are typically sent out immediately to other subscribers of the list. Some discussion lists are distributed in a post-by-post format. Some are distributed in only a digest format (i.e. a collection of multiple posts). Other lists offer both digest and post-by-post options. One-way lists include announcement lists, e-zines and newsletters. Generally, one or more person is responsible for editing the list.
- On the Web
- Organizations - The 42 member Digital Future Coalition (DFC) is committed to preserving the time-tested balance between the rights of owners of intellectual property and the traditional use privileges of the public.
- Policy - Policy regarding Standards, Legislation, Regulations, Visions, Dreams and Plans about the Internet as a network of computers. Particularly focused on the governance process of the Internet. (How plans become standards, Who makes the decisions and so on.)
- Protocols - These sites provide information on the various protocols which define how computers making up the Internet interact.
- Proxies - Intermediate servers that forward all requests and responses for a specific service (e.g. web access), and often perform caching as well. These are used for five main purposes: (1) To cut down on total bandwidth and thus speed up the network overall (2) To increase individual privacy (3) To implement "censorware" such as Bess (4) To get around "censorware" (5) To log the activities of users
- Publications
- RFCs - Request For Comments (RFC) documents are a series of notes about the Internet. Each RFC is assigned a unique number, and once published is not modified.
- Resources - Sites that have information about the entire Internet, not just one aspect of it. For example, sites that only cover the World Wide Web should be listed in the appropriate subcategory of Computers/Internet/WWW Sites appropriate for this category should be rare.
- Routers and Routing - Routable protocols and the equipment and software used to do the routing.
- Searching - The World Wide Web is the Internet's "killer app" , that makes huge quantities of information easily available to users. But the amount of data out there is so large that an entire industry has sprung up just to enable users to deal with it. This category lists sites describing ways to search the Web for information, and ways that Web site owners can make their sites easier for searchers to find.
- Statistics and Demographics - Internet research reports and market analysis about Internet users, software, and technologies.
- Telephony - (Computer telephony adds computer intelligence to the making, receiving, and mangaging of telephone calls.) Companies and Products featuring Internet Telephony, New Age Telcos and the like.
- Training - Site submissions to this category should include Business sites offering Internet training services. Before submitting your site to this category, please check to see if it may be better placed in a specific Regional sub-category or in another related Computer category.
- WWW - The World Wide Web (WWW) is composed of many, much smaller, Internets and Intranets all linked together to form a much larger whole. This category is truly global in that anyone, anywhere can look at and add to the contents. While this category is not the place, if you are interested in the history of the WWW one place to start might be: http://dmoz.org/Computers/Internet/History/Lists_Of_Sources/ This category contains links to other categories only. Please do not submit here. If you do it will lengthen the time it takes for your site to be accepted because we must then try to decide where your site best fits. What we decide is not necessarily what you would decide. Please help us both and find the best fit for your site. Submission Guidelines - The Open Directory Project editors are committed to building the most useful Directory on the Internet. We want to help your promotion efforts by listing your site in a timely manner. We want your website to be found easily. By choosing the most appropriate category, you assist us in both these efforts. Sites which are incomplete, having Under Construction notices, or which contain broken graphics or links have a poor chance of being listed. Please wait to submit your web site until it is complete. Please double-check the URL, and, if possible, include an e-mail address so we may contact you if we have questions.
- Web Design and Development - Web Design and Development guides users to subcategories which contain all resources and services having to do with designing, developing, maintaining, and promoting web sites.
- Access Providers - Resources about and for Internet Service Providers (ISPs)... companies which provide access to the Internet, via dialup connections, leased lines, etc. NOTE that entries for actual ISPs should be added under the REGIONAL category for the parts of the world they serve (for instance, National ISPs in the U.S.A. would go under Regional/USA). Sites that do not offer Internet access, such as companies that specialize in web hosting and domain name registration, don't belong under here since they have their own Open Directory category elsewhere. If you find another good worldwide list of ISPs, you can add that under Regional. ISP lists that only deal with some portion of the world should be added under the category for the parts of the world they cover. You may want to add "[ISPLIST]" to the beginning of the title of the site, to set it apart from the normal listings.
- Consultants
- Corporate Portals - Internet pages designed to be a single entry point for individuals within a common organization or having specific interests. Portals normally include links to the most important information sources, along with commonly used tools. The intent is to provide a convenient, time-saving access to information while filtering out distractive and redundant information.
- Information
- Corporate Portals - Internet pages designed to be a single entry point for individuals within a common organization or having specific interests. Portals normally include links to the most important information sources, along with commonly used tools. The intent is to provide a convenient, time-saving access to information while filtering out distractive and redundant information.
- Application Developers
- EPOC Devices - This section is for entries regarding Smartphones and PDAs running the EPOC operating system from Symbian: newer Psion handhelds, the Geofox, possibly your mobile phone in a few years. Topics of interest mainly to EPOC programmers go in Computers/Mobile_Computing/EPOC_Devices/Development. Programs, commercial, shareware and freeware are in Computers/Mobile_Computing/EPOC_Devices/Software. Cross platform compatibility tools, from mounting to converting are in Computers/Mobile_Computing/EPOC_Devices/Software/Communications and Networking Retailers go in Computers/Hardware/Retailers/, and the appropriate mobile phone category when EPOC phones start shipping. If you want to buy one of these devices (and who wouldn't want to?), look in that category to see who sells them in your area.
- News and Reviews
- Rugged Hardware - Notebook, handheld or wearable computing devices that are water-resistant or waterproof and capable of surviving drops of at least 48 in. (122cm) onto a hard surface.
- SIBO Devices
- Technical Information
- Wireless Data
- EPOC Devices - This section is for entries regarding Smartphones and PDAs running the EPOC operating system from Symbian: newer Psion handhelds, the Geofox, possibly your mobile phone in a few years. Topics of interest mainly to EPOC programmers go in Computers/Mobile_Computing/EPOC_Devices/Development. Programs, commercial, shareware and freeware are in Computers/Mobile_Computing/EPOC_Devices/Software. Cross platform compatibility tools, from mounting to converting are in Computers/Mobile_Computing/EPOC_Devices/Software/Communications and Networking Retailers go in Computers/Hardware/Retailers/, and the appropriate mobile phone category when EPOC phones start shipping. If you want to buy one of these devices (and who wouldn't want to?), look in that category to see who sells them in your area.
- Authoring
- Multimedia Authoring is where you will find tools and information for developing your own multimedia products. Tools may be for creating Computer Based Training (CBT), CDROMs or web distributed multimedia.
- Companies - Companies that offer a full range of multimedia services to all types of clients.
- Demos - A demo is a program that displays a sound, music, and light show. Demos are very fun to watch, because they seemingly do things that aren't possible on the machine they were programmed on. Essentially, demos "show off". Demos are an art form. They blend mathematics, programming skill, and creativity into something incredible to watch and listen to.
- Digital Video - Digital video contains sites related to videos, films, and other video related graphics that are created and edited. Digital video can be created on computers or with digital cameras, and edited on tape or computers. Often the line between linear and non-linear in digital editing is blurred, which is why it is so diverse and flexible. Macintoshes, IBM compatible computers, and many industrial grade systems are used in this field. The Digital Video category contains sites about the software, hardware, computers, techniques, current projects, or any video related item that is manipulated digitally.
- Flash and Shockwave - Macromedia's Flash uses vector based graphics to create compact and compelling animations for the Internet. It's small file size and streaming capabilities allow a site's visitor to experience full screen animation without waiting even on a 28k modem.
- General - This category is for very general sites covering the topic of multimedia. Multimedia is defined as : "Human-computer interaction involving text, graphics, voice and video. Often also includes concepts from hypertext. This term has come to be almost synonymous with CD-ROM in the personal computer world because the large amounts of data involved are currently best supplied on CD-ROM."
- Issues - Multimedia Issues is where you will find leading-edge multimedia tools, products, services, newsgroups or community portals.
- MPEG
- Macromedia Director
- Music and Audio - Contains information about computers as they relate to computer music and audio.
- Online Entertainment - This category is for listing sites offering forms of online entertainment. This includes news, video, sound, and animation.
- Companies - Companies that offer a full range of multimedia services to all types of clients.
- Advocacy
- The sites here are for people who are interested in the Open Source/Free Software movement.
- Articles
- Books
- Conferences
- Directories - Directories of Open-Source Software (primarily), but other related items if warranted.
- Employment - This category is for those seeking employees or employment in the Free/Open-Source Software field, doing work that is more than mere toil. This can include programming, system administration, doing webpages, secretarial, and more. Even the sky is not the limit.
- General - This category is for information about Open Source -- the movement, the philosophy, the people, and of course, to some extent, the products. (Probably most of the actual software packages will be in Computers/Software somewhere, but there should be cross links where appropriate.) Official definition of open source
- Hosting
- Licenses
- News Services - Web sites and Newswires that provide daily open source news which is in some way unique. Sites that just display a collection of news feeds from other sites and don't offer any unique content of their own will not be included.
- Open Content
- Program Contracting - This category is for listings that provide jobs for programmers to work on Open Source programs.
- Search Engines - Search engines which are specifically targeted at finding open source code or information. General search engines which are licensed as open source do NOT go in this category!
- Software - This category is used mainly to collect links to other relevant categories in Computers/Software and places like that. Individual packages usually fit better in one of the Software categories than here. (The exception would be software for "doing things the open source way", whatever that might mean in practice. And even then maybe not.)
- Training
- Articles
- Associations
- Committees
- Directories
- General - A listing of Organizations in the Computer field that are divided into the categories of what the organizations provide.
- Non-Profit - These are sites of organizations dealing with technology for the purpose of human welfare.
- Professional
- Student
- User Groups - These are the User Groups that are formed among people to associate with others with a similar interest.
- Working Groups
- Committees
- Beowulf
- The word 'beowulf' refers to a class of parallel computers. A Beowulf-class computer is a cluster computer composed of bare-bones computers (generally cheap ones, containing only a processor, memory, and a network card) connected with fast networking. Special system software allows all the individual computers in the cluster to work together efficiently. Beowulfs were developed as a cheap alternative to buying a monolithic supercomputer, and can be put together from generally accessible parts.
- Conferences - This category is for homepages of parallel computing conferences.
- Documentation - This category contains technical information about parallel computing. Information about how to write programs for parallel computers is in Parallel_Computing/Programming/Documentation .
- General - Parallel computing is the art of programming computers that have more than one processor. Some parallel computers are just regular workstations that have more than one processor in them; others are giant single computers with many processors (these are generally referred to as supercomputers ); and others are networks of individual computers. A network of computers configured to coordinate on computing problems is also called a cluster . A parallel computer may be able to run programs much faster than a traditional single computer. Programs that work on a single-processor computer don't automatically work on a parallel computer. The programmer must explicitly specify how to divide up the computing work between all of the available nodes . Information about writing programs especially for parallel computers is in Parallel_Computing/Programming . Many people have written libraries to help programmers write applications for parallel computers. Parallel computing is a very similar field to distributed computing . Both types of computing involve breaking apart a problem into many pieces and assigning each part to a computer, but the nodes of a distributed computer normally not communicate with each other while performing their computations, because they may be great distances apart. Sites related to distributed computing are in Computers/Computer_Science/Distributed_Computing . Information about supercomputers is located in Computers/Supercomputing .
- Programming - This category contains sites related to parallel programming. This includes parallel compilers, message-passing libraries, parallel programming tools, and documentation.
- Projects - A parallel computing project may be any research endeavor related to some aspect of parallel programming. Research that uses parallel computers to accomplish its goals (that is, research in another scientific field that involves running simulations or using visualization software) is found elsewhere in the directory (somewhere in Science hierarchy, in the specific category that seems most related to the subject of the research). Many of these projects are new and interesting ways of making parallel computers; others relate to parallel algorithms. Many institutes have lots of research projects. Listings of research institutes that have a significant computer science bent (many of which have divisions that do scalable programming research) are in Science/Institutions/Research_Institutes/Computer_Science_Research .
- Vendors - This category contains vendors of parallel computing hardware and software. Vendors that specialize in Beowulf clusters are listed in the Computers/Parallel_Computing/Beowulf/Vendors category.
- Conferences - This category is for homepages of parallel computing conferences.
- Benchmarking
- A standardized task to test the capabilities of various devices against each other for such measures as speed.
- CPU Saturation Models
- Capacity Planning
- General - Few years ago Performance and Capacity was mainly a mainframe related job performed by MVS gurus. It entered the UNIX servers world around 1991 - 1992 time frame. It become very visible with the emergence of the WEB related applications servers. While in the MVS world was to expensive to waste system resources, in the WEB world is to expensive not having enough resources to sustain a competitive response time. The field of Performance and Capacity is a cross bred between system Operating Systems and Application analysis and programming on one side and mathematical statistics on the other side.
- Response Time Models
- CPU Saturation Models
- Agents
- Resources for the development of software agents
- Application Builders
- Compilers - Category for theory and practice compiler creating.
- Component Frameworks
- Contests
- Databases - This category is dedicated to resources related to the development of databases and database applications. For information about database software in general, refer to http://dmoz.org/Computers/Databases/.
- Disassemblers
- Drivers
- Games - The games progamming 'How To'.
- Graphics - This category, with its subcategories, are for all aspects of Graphics Programming . Graphics Programming is the topic that has anything to do with programming pertaining to visual data . (Whether that visual data is displayed (on a monitor or some other device) is irrelevant.) In other words, a result of Graphics Programming is stuff that could be seen (but doesn't have to be).
- Internet - Resources for development of Internet applications.
- Languages - In computer science, after basic hardware, language comes first, before operating systems, applications, or anything else. One needs a language first, even if only machine language, before one can write any software at all. There is a vast variety of programming languages, some estimates run from 2,000 to 6,000. The situation is often likened to the many schisms of some religions, and sometimes disagreements and even fights occur among the faithful. Yet, all languages must adhere to the central unifying principles of computer science (even Intercal & Befunge), otherwise they couldn't work.
- Libraries
- Magazines and E-zines
- Memory Management - This category holds links on memory management, which involves the primary storage allocation and deallocation in computer programming. Within this area, a primary concern is the automation of the processes involved in (de)allocation, freeing programmers from low level memory details. This is called garbage collection (GC or gc), or automatic or automated memory management or storage reclamation. This frees programmers from having to manually allocate and deallocate memory for various reasons (e.g., dynamic objects), aids programming productivity, and reduces errors. Almost all interpreted languages are garbage collected, use GC.
- Metaprogramming - Metaprogramming is a style of programming in which, in some sense, a program writes or modifies some code in some language. Compilers and self-modifying programs are two examples of metaprograms. Also known as "generative programming".
- Methodologies - Programming methodologies is a complex field, with many methodologies (and names), and many goals and means to reach them: structured programming, programming by refinement, program analysis and verification, refactoring, and many more. Methodologies are developed to enhance one or more programming variable: programming or program speed, reliability, conformance to user/customer needs, reusability, code reuse and sharing, information hiding, etc. Some methodologies are more formal than others, some are embodied in formal tools, programs, etc. Many methodologies involve object-oriented programming.
- Operating Systems - Information about writing operating systems, including tutorials and research projects. Sites with general information about particular operating systems are in Computers/Software/Operating_Systems.
- Personal Pages
- Resources
- Software Testing - Software Testing is the process of identifying defects, where a defect is any variance between actual and expected results
- Threads - A thread is a context of execution within a program. Multithreaded programming deals with designing a program to have parts of it execute concurrently.
- Application Builders
- Building
- This category is for sites to do with the building of robots, as a hobby. It is not for Commercial sites selling Robot components, but for tutorials, FAQs, information, etc. on the construction of any robot.
- Clubs - Robotics Clubs, societies, etc.
- Commercial - This category is for Robotics sites of a commercial nature, i.e., sites selling robots to the general public.
- Competitions
- General - Robotics from A to Z, everything to do with robotics, technology of robotics.
- Industrial - Please submit sites featuring robots for industrial use. Typically these would include robots involved with factory automation applications such as welding, pick and place, palletizing, and machine loading. Integrators of general automation systems should be listed in: Business: Industries: Manufacturing: Factory Automation: Integrators Components and end effectors should be listed in: Business: Industries: Manufacturing: Factory Automation: Motion Control: Motion Control Components
- Medical - Medical robots could soon replace human surgeons - find out how here!
- Projects - With the popularity of fighting robot shows and new robotic toys appearing every day, it seems that everyone wants their own robot. Whether they are built from a kit or from scratch, there are many enthusiasts creating their own mechanical life-forms. The sites in this category are a showcase of their hard work.
- Research - A great deal of research goes on today into advanced Robotics, as scientists and engineers try to create "better", more complex robots. Research involves both the theory behind robots, and their actual design.
- Software - Software can be used in two major ways with Robotics. Firstly, robots can be controlled using a piece of software, rather than having a hardware set of instructions - which means that they can be adapted more easily. Secondly, software can be used as a tool to simulate robotics, to assist in design.
- Clubs - Robotics Clubs, societies, etc.
- Advisories and Patches
- Choose a subcategory:
- Anti Virus - Computer Viruses are malicious programs designed to self-replicate and spread to other systems. Their function can range anywhere from displaying a message on a certian date, to permitting others to control your computer, to erasing files or formatting your hard drive. Trojan Horses are similar, except that a trojan horse is defined as any malicious program disguised as a harmless one. (Which means that all Computer Viruses are also trojan horses, but not all trojan horses are viruses) The best protection against either viruses or trojan horses is to be very careful not to run any untrusted files, and to run an up to date virus scanner regularly.
- Authentication - Authentication is the method a computer uses to ensure that you are who you say you are. Authentication can be as simple as requesting a password. More complex authentication schemes involve voice printing technology, fingerprint or retinal scans. In some systems, users carry smart cards which are part of the authentication.
- Biometrics - Biometric authentication is the science of verifying a person's identity based on personal characteristics, such as voice, facial characteristics and fingerprints. Biometrics are used to create security solutions for multiple markets, including network, data, telephony, Internet and physical access.
- Consultants - Security consultants generally give advice regarding security, crime prevention, and loss prevention. True security consultants are independent and non-product affiliated. This category includes information systems related consulting services in environmental design, security system design and specification, access control, physical security, protection of assets, theft prevention, crime prevention, loss prevention, executive protection, information security, special event security, emergency and disaster planning, and security training. Some consultants in this field perform security surveys and risk analysis and make recommendations on how to reduce the threat. Some consultants make crime foreseeability assessments and adequacy of security evaluations. Some security consultants testify as an expert witness in litigation. Before making a submission in this category, consider whether the site proposed is more involved in the design, development or sales of products than the provision of consulting services. If the former, the submission is likely to be rejected or redirected to another category that might not be your category of choice. If you are submitting a URL to this directory, please keep in mind that all submissions must be reviewed by volunteer editors of the Open Directory Project (ODP) . Thus, multiple submissions of the same site to inappropriate categories will not improve your chances for being listed in this directory and may result in your site being blacklisted from ODP. This may also happen if you submit your site to a number of directories which use ODP data , but forward new submissions to ODP. Please take a moment to review the ODP Editorial Guidelines , and carefully choose the ODP categories to which you submit your site.
- Firewalls
- General - A way of insuring data on a LAN is protected from unauthorized use. Network security measures can be softwarebased, where passwords restrict users' access to certain data files or directories. This kind of security is usually implemented by the network operating system. Security can also be hardware-based, using the more traditional lock and key.
- Hackers - This category pertains to Hacking, in the security sense of the word. Coders, vulnerability development and researchers of any color hat should be able to find value here.
- Internet - The Internet is an insecure place. - a common view of security on the Internet. This is not necessarily true, but vulnerabilities and exploits do exist. Many different protocols and tools have been developed to enhance the security on the Internet as these problems are discovered.
- Intrusion Detection Systems - Intrusion detection systems, sometimes refered to as IDS, are tools or methods for detecting when a network or computer has been subject to unauthorized access.
- Java
- Mailing Lists
- NT
- News
- Policy - The computer security policy is a statement by management of the minimum expectations to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the corporate network and all data stored on the network. The style, content and specific objectives of each policy are dependent on the environment, security requirements and corporate culture specific to each organization.
- Products and Tools
- Public Key Infrastructure
- Publications - White papers, e-books, manuals, tutorials, newsletters, security e-magazines, libraries and archives, laws and regulations, tips and hints, vendor documentation, lessons learned, configuration and usage guidelines, plans and procedures, and other sources of useful information for the computer and networking security professional. The focus is on technically very useful material that is hard-to-find, hidden, not publicized to Web crawlers, special purpose, or one-of-a-kind in nature.
- Technical Surveillance Counter Measures - Includes techniques and measures to detect and neutralize a wide variety of hostile penetration technologies that are used to obtain unauthorized access to classified and sensitive information. Technical penetrations include the employment of optical, electro-optical, electromagnetic, fluidics, and acoustic means, as the sensor and transmission medium, or the use of various types of stimulation or modification to equipment or building components for the direct or indirect transmission of information meant to be protected. Also called TSCM.
- Unix
- Virtual Private Networks - Through the use of authentication, encryption and tunneling technologies, Virtual Private Networks (VPN) permit the secure transmission of sensitive data through public networks, thus allowing organizations to reduce WAN costs by utilizing the Internet for site to site communications.
- Anti Virus - Computer Viruses are malicious programs designed to self-replicate and spread to other systems. Their function can range anywhere from displaying a message on a certian date, to permitting others to control your computer, to erasing files or formatting your hard drive. Trojan Horses are similar, except that a trojan horse is defined as any malicious program disguised as a harmless one. (Which means that all Computer Viruses are also trojan horses, but not all trojan horses are viruses) The best protection against either viruses or trojan horses is to be very careful not to run any untrusted files, and to run an up to date virus scanner regularly.
- Gifts
- This category is for sites that have accessories/gifts for the computer or computer user. NOT EQUIPMENT, PERIPHERALS, SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE. Items that may fit into this category may be, for example, mouse pads, computer covers, tee-shirts, and novelty gifts for computer gurus and users.
- Abandonware
- Abandonware is defined as any software that is: At least three years old (some say five or seven years) Not being sold or supported by the company that produced it or by any other company. When a certain piece of abandonware is later found to be sold or supported by a company (for instance in a re-release or a compilation), then it ceases to be abandonware.
- Accounting - This category is for accounting software and accounting software companies. (NOT CONSULTANTS - SEE SUBMISSION NOTICE)
- Backup - Backup is the action of copying files or a database so that they will be preserved in case of equipment failure or other misfortune. Backup is usually a routine part of the operation of large businesses with mainframe as well as the administrators of smaller business computers. Personal computer users can consider both local backup and Internet backup. Internet Backup: You may also consider sending your files to another site for safekeeping. In case your hard drive crashes, you'll be able to download a copy from the site.
- Bar Code
- Beta Releases - Refers to the final stages of development and testing before a product is released to market. Typically the last step in the testing of a product before it is offically released.
- Build Management - The Make or Build is the compilation, and linking, sometimes documentation generation, and packing step of software creation. This is the point where the code is converted to the binary executable. The classic tool to automate this step is the Unix "make" program, which relies on text "Makefiles" which contain dependency trees, and last-modified dates of source files. Many "Visual" programming environments incorporate this step into other tools, but this category deals with those tools and procedures that are specifically dedicated to this step.
- Business
- Business Drawing - Business drawings include Flowcharts, Organizational Charts, Network Diagrams, Process Flow Diagrams, Software Design Diagrams, Cause and Effect Trees, Engineering Diagrams, Tables, Timelines, and other illustrations of functions or processes. Business drawing, or diagramming, software is often lumped (inappropriately) with "graphics editors" like Paint Shop Pro or Adobe Illustrator. But unlike these bitmap-based "art" programs, diagramming software is typically vector-based and is designed to produce efficient schematics rather than pretty pictures. Some business drawing programs offer a free trial version for download. See individual listings for details.
- Communications - This category is for communications software, generally computer-to-computer communications. It is not the appropriate category for telephony software, including paging, nor it is the proper place for shareware, including chat software.
- Conferences and Trade Shows - This category contains listings of sites concerned with conferences, conventions and trade shows related to software.
- Configuration Management - From comp.software.config-mgmt FAQ : [Configuration management is] tracking and control of software development and its activities. That is, the management of software development projects with respect to issues such as multiple developers working on the same code at the same time, targetting multiple platforms, supporting multiple versions, and controlling the status of code (for example beta test versus real release).
- Consultants - For consultants that specialize in one or more types of software and don't consider themselves systems integrators or general computer consultants. Submission Notes Before you submit, did you examine all of the categories under Computers/Consultants to see if you fit better there? Hint : Are you a company that rarely serves clients outside of your immediate area? If so, please consider submitting your site to the appropriate Regional computer consulting category. Your customers (or potential customers) will have a much easier time finding you this way.
- Currency Conversion - Programs which convert between various monetary units. These programs typically have the ability to look up current exchange rates.
- Data Administration - Softwares and Companies for Data Acquision, Control, Data processing, formats, format conversion, manipulation, integrity checking, data transfer, storage and backup, retrieval, reporting, ODBC (Open Database Connectivity), SQL(Software Query Language), data compression methods and algorithms, etc.
- Data Compression - Data compression reduces the size of a file, or groups of files of data by eliminating unnecessary information, such as blanks and redundant data. The idea of reducing the size is to save money on transmitting or storing the data. The file or program which has been compressed must be "decompressed", i.e. brought back to normal before use.
- Databases - A collection of data structured and organized in a disciplined fashion so that access is possible quickly to information of interest.
- Desktop Customization - This category is for software and utilities used to customize a computer desktop. Which comprises of; Screen Savers, Icons, Wallpapers, Desktop Themes, Cursors, Screen Mates and Skins for ICQ, Sonique, Winamp and Yahoo Messenger. The main category holds only sites that have multiple Desktop Enhancements and "does not" accept submissions from Authors or Developers.
- Device Drivers - You can get drivers, and/or driver updates via these sites. Device drivers, sometimes called hardware drivers, are small blocks of software, program routines, which are used to interface between an operating system, and various hardware devices, usually peripherals. Writing them demands deep knowledge of the OS, and of a device's command language and properties. For more information, see: http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm?term driver
- Diagnostics - Tools for diagnosing computer hardware problems.
- Directories - A directory is a guide that provides an indexing of sites, categorized links, or a repository. Sometimes a directory will have a brief description, including additional information and a list of resources. Please submit only Web sites that provide a comprehensive list of sites, categorized links or a repository for Shareware, Freeware, and Commercial software.
- Disk Management - Most modern computers store the data and programs they are not immediately using on disks : magnetic disks, called hard disks or hard drives for those that are usually built in, or floppy disks , also known as diskettes , or just floppies , for those that are regularly inserted and removed; and optical disks, often called CDs (Compact Disks): CD-ROMs (Read Only Media), CD-Rs (Recordable), and CD-RWs (Read-Write). The device that accesses a disk for a computer is called a disk drive ; a hard disk is usually built in to its hard drive, so those terms are often used interchangeably. This category contains programs for working with these disks: testing, checking, scanning, repairing errors, formatting, defragmenting, using different data storage formats, such as for different operating systems, and similar utilities.
- Document Imaging - Document imaging is the conversion of paper documents into electronic images on your computer. Once on your desktop, these documents can be retrieved effortlessly in seconds. Thousands of organizations around the world use document imaging every day instead of paper filing systems. The reasons for this change are simple: Document Imaging: o Prevents lost records o Saves storage space o Manages records easily With document imaging on your computer: o Documents are found quickly o Images are available to all o File cabinets magically disappear The steps necessary to introduce document imaging are simple: Documents are scanned into the system. The document imaging system stores them somewhere on a hard drive or optical disk. The documents then get indexed. When a person later wants to read a document, they use the retrieval tools available in the document imaging system. Where they can read the documents, and who can read the documents is dependent on the access provided by the document imaging system. Scanning Major advancements in scanning technology make paper document conversion fast, inexpensive, and easy. A good scanner will make putting paper files into the your computer easy. Storage The storage system provides long-term and reliable storage for documents. A good storage system will accomodate changing documents, growing volumes and advancing technology. Indexing The index system creates an organized document filing system and makes future retrieval simple and efficient. A good indexing system will make existing procedures and systems more effective. Retrieval The retrieval system uses information about the documents, including index and text, to find images stored in the system. A good retrieval system will make finding the right documents fast and easy. Access Document viewing should be readily available to those who need it, with the flexibility to controll access to system. A good access system will make documents viewable to everyone, whether in the office, at different locations, or over the internet. For more information, please feel free to send an e-mail to me, twayman, the editor of this section, at imageguru@yahoo.com
- Document Management - Document Management is a set of technologies for managing the "document life cycle," that is, it tracks, monitors, and allocates resources for the creation, use, revision, approval, retrieval, archival and disposal of documents. The term document used here loosely applies to any container of information, whether electronic or not, whether text or not, and whether business-critical or not. The Gartner Group defines document management as "a highly integrated set of middleware services that integrate library services, document manufacturing, and document interchage with critical business process applications around a client-server topology using open application interfaces." IDC defines document management as a software system that is capable of organizing document production, managing accessibility and distribution of volumes of textual documents and overseeing document flow.
- ERP - ERP systems, software explicitly designed to work with named ERP systems, ERP consultants, and/or ERP resources. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a complete enterprise wide business solution that attempts to integrate all departments and functions in a company into a single computer system. ERP systems are defined by their breadth of functionality and completeness of coverage of all key business areas for an industry. An ERP system consists of software modules for business areas such as: marketing and sales, field service, product design and development, production and inventory control, procurement, distribution, industrial facilities management, process design and development, manufacturing, quality, human resources, finance and accounting, and information services. Integration between the modules is stressed without the duplication of information. ERP started out as an out growth of MRP II systems, but today also includes other industry/business types such as retail, banking, public sector, utilities and education.
- Editors - An editor program allows the user to create and modify simple text files. This is as opposed to a word processor program which usually allows formatting, fonts, italics, and other stylistic devices intended to look better when printed out - an editor is simply designed to edit text. Because of this, editors are often used to write computer programs, configuration files, web pages, and other technical files that are read by other computer programs, not only by people.
- Educational - Software used for instruction in a variety of subject areas. Also, software used by educators and educational institutions for handling administrative tasks. Please submit to the appropriate sub category. NOTE: Computer and software training should be submitted to an appropriate subcategory of Computers/Education
- File Management - The file is the basic unit of data storage on most computers. Software itself is stored in files, data for that software is stored in files, data handled by software is stored in files. This category contains links dedicated to the software for organizing, comparing, sorting, searching, compressing, and otherwise dealing with files in general. The "file management" programs that do this are also sometimes just called "utilities", because all this is a fairly abstract concept.
- Fonts - Fonts are sets of typographic characters, tipically used to write documents on word processors. Well known examples are the Arial or Times New Roman fonts bundled with the Windows operating systems. There are various formats for storing font data; the most common is Adobe Truetype. Font files usually store either a bitmap image of each character of the alphabet in various sizes or a vectorial drawing of the the characters, which allows you to scale them to any size without losing resolution.
- Freeware - Freeware is software which is available for use by anyone or a specified class or group, without payment of any fees. Because it may or may not be in the public domain, it is always safest to assume that a freeware program is protected by copyright even though no fee is charged for its use. In some cases, source code is provided or is freely available. See Open Source Freeware should never be confused with Shareware or with software that may not be currently or actively supported by its authors or publishers, sometimes referred to as Abandonware 08-14-2000 - jkowens
- Globalization - This category is the umbrella category for links to resources in the areas of software globalization, internationalization and localization.
- Graphics - This category is intended for the graphic software programs and utilities associated with the creation and manipulation of digital graphics. Two techniques are used for creating and maintaining pictures in a computer. The first method called "vector graphics," which maintains the image as a series of points, lines, arcs and other geometric shapes. The second method called "bitmapped graphics" and also known as "raster graphics," they resemble a television, where the picture image is made up of dots. Understanding these two techniques and how they interweave is crucial. Thank you.
- Groupware - Groupware is software that runs on a network, and aids people using the software on the network (typically a team) to participate in a joint project, which can range from simple to complex.
- Help Desk - This category is dedicated to providing easy access to Internet resources provided by companies who design, publish and/or support software designed to automate Help Desk, PC Inventory, Auditing and related operations.
- Human Resources - Human Resources professionals and line managers use many types of software to facilitate their management duties. This category is for that type of software which is neither industry nor process specific, but simply used to perform common tasks in any organization that has employees. This general category is for integrated HR (ususally database) systems with varying degrees of front-end functionality and integration with other systems (including those systems found in the subcategories of this one).
- Industry-Specific
- Information Retrieval - Sites contained here relate to tools which facilitate the retrieval of information from computer-based repositories. There are numerous related topics where specific types of sites may be placed. Software for offline archiving of data belongs in Computers/Software/Backup/ . Tools for working with bibliographic material belong in Reference/Libraries/Library_and_Information_Science/Technical_Services/Cataloguing/Bibliographic_Utilities/ . Web search engines and clients belong Computers/Internet/WWW/Searching_the_Web/Search_Engines/ and Computers/Software/Internet/Clients/Search/ , respectively.
- Internet - Software for managing internet sites, authoring web materials or network management.
- Intranet
- Licensing
- Magazines
- Manufacturing - Software for assisting in some way with the making of goods.
- Marketing - This category and its sub categories include entries for software that can assist in marketing. Please see the most approprite sub category. Entries will only appear in this category when there is substantial content covering two or more of its sub categories.
- Networking
- Object-Oriented - A listing of object oriented software. If you don't see what you're looking for here, check the individual subject areas, especially for topics pertaining to particular technologies.
- Office Suites - Software suites are bundles of several programs together that perform essential, common, functions in some area of activity. Many types of suites exist, for varied uses, most of which are vertical applications: accounting, manufacturing, real estate, some area of science, etc. Office Suites are the most common and general type of software suite. They are bundles of several programs together that perform essential, common office functions. They usually include a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation program, some kind of data base, and likely other features such as drawing/charting programs, calendar management, email, a web browser, and generic office management services other than those listed.
- Online Training - Sites providing their own online courses (not pdf or classroom please) in software or computer related skills.
- Operating Systems - Operating systems (OSs) do many things: it is the block of software that runs in the memory of a computer which mediates between the hardware below and application(s) above, provides consistent access to various hardware for user programs such as applications and utilities, allocates memory and storage, schedules tasks, and provides some common services to all software via an application programming (or protocol) interface: API. On this page, OSs are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top: Issues spanning multiple unrelated OSs. 2) Middle: Types or classes of OS. 3) Bottom: specific OSs which have their own Open Directory category, and have non-trivial, useful running code (more than a boot loader), and/or a body of worthwhile readings. It cannot be merely a new project with no significant code.
- Presentation - Presentation software helps the user communicate with an audience using a combination of words and pictures. Presentation software shares some of the attributes of Business Drawing software, but is focused more on a laying out a glossy finshed presentation than on rendering a technically accurate diagram.
- Project Management - Project management covers different activities aimed at organizing, planning, staffing, directing and controlling the project activities, for one project or a portfolio of projects (program management) in different fields such as construction, software systems or marketing activities. Project management software can help in estimating, planning, evaluating project risk or controlling project resources and costs.
- Rentable - If you're interested in renting your applications or having them provided on a "subscription" or leasing basis, here is one place to look. More and more we will be hearing about "Application Service Providers" who can provision us with many of the applications we use on a day to day business, while letting us outsource all the unpleasant system administration and application maintenance details.
- Retailers - This category focuses on online and physical site retailers of software.
- Search Engines - A Search Engine is a Web site connected to a database that catalogs other Web sites. It will search the actual text of other Web sites for you. A computer search program, or spider, follows links on Web pages to regularly and automatically rebuild this database. (This is as opposed to a Directory, which is a static database of links, usually built up by human editors.) This category contains sites dedicated, exclusively, to searching for software.
- Shareware - Shareware is a popular software marketing method, "try before you buy" software. It is called "shareware" because users are encouraged to "share" the initial version with others, to let them try it out also. The trial period is usually limited in time, such as 30-60 days, or a limited number of uses. Then after the trial period you are expected to purchase (register) the program, to receive the right to continue using it. If you don't use the product further, you don't have to pay for it. Upon purchasing the program, you may also receive an updated program, or a printed manual, or a password key to remove any "please register" "nag" screens. This manual or "registered" program is no longer shareware, and should not be "shared" further, only the initial version should be redistributed. Trialware, Crippleware, and Liteware (LT) are other names for shareware. Liteware is offered with certain capabilities disabled as an enticement to buy the complete version of the program. The prices for shareware vary from program to program. Usually when you download a shareware program the price and registration information will be in a .TXT or .DOC or READ.ME file. If you are using Windows the information will probably be found in the .HLP file. Shareware can be of good or poor quality, and the same copyright laws apply to all commercial software including shareware, with the copyright holder retaining all rights not specifically given away.
- Software Engineering - Software engineering is a broadly defined discipline involving the engineering of software systems. It integrates the many aspects of programming, from initial planning, through writing and maintaining code, to meeting budgets, all to produce affordable software that works well.
- Spreadsheets - A spreadsheet is a computer program organizing cells, containing numbers, dates, or text, into columns and rows. Then the values of these cells are used in formulas in other cells to give results. When a number is changed in one place, the results of other cells change immediately. This is extremely useful for business forecasting, bookkeeping, and so forth.
- System Management
- Testing Services
- Transaction Processing - A type of computer processing in which the computer responds immediately to user requests. Each request is considered to be a transaction. Automatic teller machines for banks are an example of transaction processing. The opposite of transaction processing is batch processing, in which a batch of requests is stored and then executed all at one time. Transaction processing requires interaction with a user, whereas batch processing can take place without a user being present. (From Webopedia )
- Typesetting - "Typesetting" is the rendering of letterforms on visible media. Examples are the words (not the graphics) on the printed pages of a book, or the words on the display of your computer screen. Software for typesetting covers a broad range: software appropriate for typesetting a phone book will be of little help in preparing a magazine. Also, it is frequently difficult to separate the "software" from the "system," so this category will include proprietary typesetting systems. One can't set type without fonts, so we will address fonts here. We will also provide links to related technologies and information such as digital type design and research on human perception of type.
- Word Processors - Computer programs for the creation of text documents, intended to be printed and viewed by people. Although there are still machines dedicated only to word processing, most word processing is performed on general-purpose computers using word processing software. Most word processing programs allow text editing, word wrap and centering, search and replace, text move and copy, layout settings such as margins, line spacing, font changes, underlining , boldface , italics , headers, footers, page numbers, print preview, and similar functions, dedicated to affecting the look of the content after printing. Many allow insertion of graphics, or clip art.
- Workflow - The top level workflow category lists organizations, standards bodies, and resources relating to promotion of, and/or interoperability of workflow technology and systems. Sub-categories include: workflow research, products, and consulting services.
- Year 2000
- Accounting - This category is for accounting software and accounting software companies. (NOT CONSULTANTS - SEE SUBMISSION NOTICE)
- General
- This category tracks significant software/hardware advances, companies and sites in the area of speech processing, recognition and voice control for computers. Technically "voice recognition" to the industry means speaker verification and identification, i.e., who is speaking - is it Alex or Jane. Speech recognition is the identification of content - what did Alex say. This category does not, therefore, take "speech recognition" to be synonymous with "voice recognition."
- Hardware
- Linux - This category is for web sites featuring speech technology products, projects and research that is particularly directed towards Linux, Unix and/or open source but not portable to non Linux/Unix platforms.
- Medical Transcription - Applying speech recognition technology to the task of transcribing medical records into computer processable format for the medical profession.
- Research - This category contains speech recognition, voice recognition and text-to-speech research sites. There are no consumer products, resellers, tool kits here.
- Resellers
- Speech Synthesis - This category contains links for sites involved in speech synthesis, text to speech processing or vendors selling such things.
- Telephony - Category is for telephony products and services that particularly use speech processing/recognition over telephone lines or wireless mobile including IVR (interactive voice response) and call center processing.
- Tool Kits - Links for developers of speech recognition, speech synthesis software. Focus is DLL's, libraries, components and building blocks for larger applications.
- Voice Portals - A Voice Portal is a consumer or business application that accept user's speech input via a telephone or microphone, gathers the requested information from the Internet, and speaks it back over the telephone in either a computerized or recorded voice.
- VoiceXML - This category is for products and services that do speech processing where the product design places an emphasis on the employment of VoiceXML markup programming language in controlling that processing.
- Hardware
- Companies
- This category contains sites of companies that either sell supercomputers or sell time on supercomputers. While there are many types of computers that can be classified as supercomputers, this category is for the sale of the specific sort of supercomputer that is sold as one unit (if the product can be classified as a 'cluster', it's a parallel computer, not a supercomputer) and is not manufactured from commodity hardware (that's a Beowulf). Companies that sell parallel computers are listed in Computers/Parallel_Computing/Vendors , and companies that sell Beowulfs are listed in Computers/Parallel_Computing/Beowulf/Vendors .
- Conferences - This category contains sites about conferences about supercomputing.
- Directories
- General - A supercomputer is, generally, a really big and fast computer. The standard of what exactly constitutes a supercomputer has evolved with the capabilities of the computing industry. Supercomputers contain many processors and often take up entire rooms. They can do anything a normal computer can do, but usually much, much faster. This category contains information about supercomputers, including (but not limited to) companies that manufacture supercomputers, supercomputing facilities, news articles about supercomputers, and supercomputing conferences. Information about writing programs to run on supercomputers is in Computers/Parallel_Computing .
- Conferences - This category contains sites about conferences about supercomputing.
- Acorn
- Amiga - The Amiga system was introduced in 1985 by Commodore Bussiness Machines. The first model, the Amiga 1000, boasted 6 bit colour, a standard resolution of 640*256, 8 bit stereo sound, 256 Kb of RAM and a revolutionary GUI-based operating system (Workbench); many models followed, the most advanced being the A4000, introduced in 1992, which had 8 bit colour, 4 Megabyte RAM (expandable) and built-in IDE interface. Eventually Commodore went bankrupt due to its incapability to market the Amiga as anything else than a games machine, despite its revolutionary Operating System. Nowadays the machine has a loyal following and plans are underway to design a next-generation system based on it.
- Amstrad
- Apple - Covering all the computer systems from Apple, including Apple II, Lisa and Macintosh.
- Atari
- Commodore
- HP 3000 - Sites related to Hewlett-Packard's HP 3000 and HP e3000 platforms including the MPE V and MPE/iX operating systems, application software, tools and utilities. Sites related to HP 3000 freeware, vendors, consultants, services, application software, user groups, conferences, and jobs are welcome.
- Handhelds - Sites about "handheld" computers, those small enough to be held in one hand, and used with the other, like calculators, but still flexible enough to run many different kinds of applications, like personal computers. Technically, handhelds come in two different kinds: "Palmtop" computers, like the original Psion , or IBM PC110 include a small built in keyboard. "PDAs", "Personal Digital Assistants", such as the original Apple Newton , or the Palm or Palm Pilot or most Windows CE machines, do not, and usually are used with a pen device writing or pointing on the screen. The name comes from the fact that most of these computers are used to organize personal information, short notes, addresses, etcetera. However many people, even some supposedly knowledgeable industry sources, do not follow this distinction, and use the terms "Palmtop" or "PDA" interchangeably, to cover all handheld computers. In the ODP, to compromise, we use the correct name, "Handheld", for the category, but list both Palmtops and PDAs under it.
- MSX - MSX is a standard platform design which was licensed to many manufacturers and was quite popular in Japan, Holland and Spain, and later in Russia. There were 3 different generations and the last one, the MSX 2+, is regarded as the finest 8 bit computer ever made.
- Oric
- RISC OS
- Sinclair - This category is for the line of Sinclair computers and their clones. Including but not limited to ZX80, ZX81, ZX Spectrum and QL and clones such as Timex-Sinclair, SAM Coupé, Pentagon 128, Scorpion and so on. Computers designed by Sir Clive such as the Z88 also falls under this category.
- Tablet PCs - Tablet PCs are touch screens with handwriting recognition that run software just like a desktop personal computer. Early designs have been released and the first generation of models are expected to hit the market in late 2002.
- Amiga - The Amiga system was introduced in 1985 by Commodore Bussiness Machines. The first model, the Amiga 1000, boasted 6 bit colour, a standard resolution of 640*256, 8 bit stereo sound, 256 Kb of RAM and a revolutionary GUI-based operating system (Workbench); many models followed, the most advanced being the A4000, introduced in 1992, which had 8 bit colour, 4 Megabyte RAM (expandable) and built-in IDE interface. Eventually Commodore went bankrupt due to its incapability to market the Amiga as anything else than a games machine, despite its revolutionary Operating System. Nowadays the machine has a loyal following and plans are underway to design a next-generation system based on it.
- FAQs
- Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. A FAQ is a list of Frequently Asked Questions. This category contains FAQs relating to Usenet.
- Feed Services - Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. News articles propagate, or travel, through a network of news servers, computers which use NNTP to transport messages. This category lists sites which provide a news feed. In other words, they offer access to Usenet newsgroups via NNTP protocol. These listings are feed services for businesses, not individuals, unless otherwise noted. For Web based Usenet access see Computers/Usenet/Web_Based/ .
- General - Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. Traditional access to newsgroups, or discussion fora, requires newsreader software and access to a newsserver. Many ISPs provide access to a newsserver as part of their service package. This category provides general information about Usenet.
- Hierarchies - Pages concerning particular hierarchies (regional hierarchies such as ba.* or uk.*, the big hierarchies such as the Big 8 or alt.*, and special interest hierarchies such as net.* or free.*).
- Individual Newsgroup Pages - Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. Each discussion forum is called a "newsgroup". This category lists web pages for individual newsgroups.
- Moderated - For sites pertaining to moderated newsgroups. This includes information about how moderated newsgroups work, software and other utilities for maintaining moderated newsgroups, and issues related to moderating newsgroups.
- Newsgroup Creation - Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. Sites in this category explain how to create new Usenet newsgroups, or discussion fora.
- Newsgroup Directories - Sites which provide indexing, searching, and/or other tools that allow you to more easily locate an existing Usenet newsgroup.
- Personal Pages - Home pages and Personal Web pages with a focus on Usenet. May include reviews, tutorials and tips on using Usenet.
- Public News Servers - Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. Traditional access to newsgroups, or discussion fora, requires newsreader software and access to a newsserver. Many ISPs provide access to a newsserver as part of their service package. Most Usenet servers are (properly) configured to only allow connections from recognized users. This category lists sites that contain directories of public news servers. Servers listed in this category allow anyone to access them. All servers listed in this category allow anyone to read articles. Some of the servers allow you to post messages.
- Satellite - Companies which provide downloading of Usenet articles via satellite. This may save you bandwidth and money.
- Search - Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. Traditional access to newsgroups, or discussion fora, requires newsreader software and access to a newsserver. Many ISPs provide access to a newsserver as part of their service package. Sites in this category are for searching Usenet newsgroups.
- Web Based - Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. Traditional access to newsgroups, or discussion fora, requires newsreader software and access to a newsserver. Many ISPs provide access to a newsserver as part of their service package. Sites in this category allow you to access the discussion fora, or newsgroups, through a web browser, without accessing a newsserver via newsreader software utilizing NNTP protocol. Sites in this category allow free access to Usenet newsgroups, unless otherwise noted.
- Feed Services - Usenet, or Netnews, is a world-wide distributed discussion system. News articles propagate, or travel, through a network of news servers, computers which use NNTP to transport messages. This category lists sites which provide a news feed. In other words, they offer access to Usenet newsgroups via NNTP protocol. These listings are feed services for businesses, not individuals, unless otherwise noted. For Web based Usenet access see Computers/Usenet/Web_Based/ .
- Companies
- Profit organizations working on 3D immersive worlds. Includes software and hardware.
- Conferences - Academic and commercial conferences in Computer Graphics, specifically those with a VR and collaborative VR focus.
- General - Virtual Reality (VR) and emersive virtual environments.
- Haptics - Haptics involve providing bi-directional information flows to human operators through force feedback.
- Hardware - Hardware for experiencing virtual worlds. Please send us your links!
- Human Interaction
- Multi-User Systems - This category is for sites dealing specifically with multi-user VR. This means networked software, using 3D graphics for shared communication, interaction, and virtual world building and exploration. Topics covered by this category include software and companies, active virtual worlds, research, news, and general information and discussion sites. Generally, software linked in this category should have an emphasis on object interaction, simulation, graphics and sound, rather than chat (the Internet::Chat and Internet::Chat::Virtual Places may be more appropriate.)
- QTVR and Pre-rendered VR
- Research Projects
- Software - Applications that allow you to create and view immersive true 3D worlds.
- Conferences - Academic and commercial conferences in Computer Graphics, specifically those with a VR and collaborative VR focus.