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Science
- Animals
- Websites concerned with the science and practices involved in raising animals under agricultural conditions, for meat, dairy or draft.
- Conferences - Websites of planned, current and past conferences and events concerning study and research in agriculture and allied fields.
- Consultants - This category is for firms that offer expertise and knowledge in the science and technology of agriculture and allied disciplines. Examples would include agronomy, weed control and animal nutrition.
- Databases - Listings of websites that provide online databases and reference information.
- Directories - This category contains websites that list scientific and educational resources pertaining to agriculture and related topics. It does not contain business directories. These will be found in the business part of the directory.
- Education - This category contains websites with online educational resources, and links to the agricultural resources and departments in educational institutes.
- Field Crops - Websites concerning agricultural science relevant to crops grown in the field by the practices of arable farming.
- Forestry - This category is for websites concerned with the science and practice of growing forestry crops.
- General - The science and technology of growing living things (plants and animals) for human consumption or use as pets, ornament, food, fiber, or construction material. Includes Forestry, Horticulture and Soil Science.
- History
- Horticulture - This category contains websites concerned with the science and technology of growing plants on an intensive or on a small scale basis, as opposed to the extensive cultivation of arable cultivation. It includes turf science, arboriculture, and nursery science. Much related material regarding domestic gardens will be found in the related category Home Gardens .
- Instruments and Supplies - This category and its subcategories are for listings of scientific equipment suppliers, laboratories, and research products.
- Organizations - Listings of websites concerned with scientific and professional organizations and associations.
- Pests and Diseases - This category is for websites with information on the management and control of pests, weeds, and diseases in crops and on livestock.
- Practices and Systems
- Publications - Publications and journals concerned with the science, techniques, and practices of agriculture.
- Research Centers - Websites of institutions and organisations that undertake research into agricultural science.
- Soils - Information about soils in agriculture and forestry, as well as soil science in general. Potential topics include soil genesis and morphology, soil classification and mapping, soil fertility, soil conservation (including erosion), soil management and modifications, and interpretation of soil characteristics.
- Sustainable Agriculture - Sustainable agriculture implies use of renewable or reusable resources rather than consumption and exhaustion of finite resources. Sustainable agriculture means a system of food production that over many years, is environmentally neutral or beneficial, is economically viable, and produces good quality food and other goods in large quantities to meet world needs.
- Conferences - Websites of planned, current and past conferences and events concerning study and research in agriculture and allied fields.
- Alchemy
- Anomalous Objects - Objects found that are misplaced in time, such as ancient computers or spaceships.
- Anomalous People
- Anomalous Sounds - About "hums" and another anomalous sounds and noises.
- Astronomy, Alternative
- Criticism of Darwinism
- Cryptozoology - Cryptozoology is the study of hidden animals not formally recognized by science, but supported in some way by other forms of evidence such as eyewitness accounts or tracks. Examples include Bigfoot and lake monsters(such as the Loch Ness Monster).
- Earth Lights - Sites that pertain to the "Earth Lights" phenomenon, an Anomalous Light Phenomena (i.e. type of UFO). See also the DMOZ Earth Lights FAQ
- Flat Earth - For sites that deal with the belief that the world is flat.
- General - Science is constantly reshaping itself through unexpected observations, new ideas, and revisions to old theories. While terms like "anomalies" or "alternative" may seem pejorative from an orthodox perspective, from an historical view these are the topics are the very life-blood of science. We must have heretics and revolutionaries challenging our beliefs, and advancing the state of the believable, otherwise science will stagnate into dogma. The subcategory "Popular" has been deleted because the web sites listed there have been merged into other topical categories.
- Geology, Alternative
- Historical Anomalies and Revisionism - Highly unconventional views about history. This category is called "historical revisionism" to distinguish it from "alternate histories", which are "what if" scenarios acknowledged by their authors to be fictional.
- Magazines and E-zines - E-zines and websites for published magazines devoted to multiple aspects of alternative science, anomalous phenomena, etc.
- Orgone Energy - About the theories of Wilhelm Reich, who posited the existence of a "life force" called orgone energy, and their application. The study of orgone energy is also referred to as "radionics" or "orgonomy."
- Personal Pages - Pages pertaining to no specific field of alternative science, or pages pertaining to an individual's experiences with anomalies.
- Research - This category is for sites owned by individuals or organizations currently researching alternative science.
- Spontaneous Human Combustion - Spontaneous human combustion (SHC) is the alleged process of a human body catching fire as a result of heat generated by internal chemical action.
- The Philadelphia Experiment - Allegedly, in the fall of 1943 a U.S. Navy destroyer was made invisible and teleported from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Norfolk, Virginia, in an incident known as the Philadelphia Experiment. This category is for websites concerning the so-called Philadelphia Experiment (Project Rainbow) and Montauk.
- Voynich Manuscript - This category is for sites related to the Voynich Manuscript (aka the Most Mysterious Document in the World) and efforts to decipher it.
- Weather Control - Sites that contain weather control information.
- Anomalous Objects - Objects found that are misplaced in time, such as ancient computers or spaceships.
- Amateur
- Associations - Astronomical associations and societies. Genuinely amateur astronomy groups and clubs are listed in Science/Astronomy/Amateur/Organizations/.
- Business - All commercial sites (which make money by selling something etc.) go to subcategories here.
- Calendars and Timekeeping
- Cosmology - Cosmology is the scientific study of the structure and origin of the universe as a whole. This category comprises those aspects of cosmology which are primarily of an astronomical or observational nature, as well as sites related to theoretical and numerical studies of the large- scale structure in the universe. Sites related to relativistic cosmology or the physics of the early universe will be found in Science:Physics:Cosmology.
- Data Archives
- Directories
- Eclipses, Occultations and Transits
- Education
- Extrasolar Planets
- Extraterrestrial Life - The scientific search for life outside the earth. Sites containing material which cannot be scientifically explained, such as ufology, are listed within the category "Society: Paranormal".
- Galaxies
- General - Astronomy. Solar system, stars, galaxies, universe.
- History - Astronomy is the scientific study of objects and phenomena beyond the earth's atmosphere by means other than visiting them or sending probes. The history of astronomy is the study of the development of astronomy from the earliest written records to somewhere very near the present time. Astrology is not astronomy, but it did play a role in the development of astronomy. Babylonian astrologers' determination of the positions of stars may be found here, their study of the effects of those positions on human affairs will not. The history of the scientific search for extra-terrestrial intelligence may be found here. UFOs visiting earth will not. This category is not limited to Western astronomy. The written history of other astronomical traditions will be listed here.
- Images
- In the Arts
- Interstellar Medium
- News
- Observatories
- Personal Pages
- Planetariums - A planetarium is a place that allows its visitors to experience the wonders of space while still on earth. Shows presented are entertaining, but have an educational aspect as well.
- Publications
- Research Centers
- Software - Software related to astronomy. This includes desktop planetarium and sky charting software, astronomy databases and observing utilities, simulation software, image processing and data analysis, education and multimedia software, and software reviews. Please note that, even though only software with dedicated web pages is included in this directory, there are many programs (mainly shareware/freeware) that have no web sites dedicated to them and are only available from a number of online software repositories (links to such repositories are included in this directory).
- Solar System
- Star Clusters
- Stars - "Welcome to the Astronomy:Stars category. Here you will find only the best sites regarding astronomical research, introductory star science, pulsars, quasars, various forms of dwarf stars and more. We hope you find the category both relevant and informative. Enjoy!" teejay knight (editor)
- Associations - Astronomical associations and societies. Genuinely amateur astronomy groups and clubs are listed in Science/Astronomy/Amateur/Organizations/.
- Associations
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics and Proteomics.
- Bioinformatics - Bioinformatics is broadly defined as the use of computers to analyse biological information. The most common form of bioinformatics is studying the vast amounts of DNA and protein sequence that are now available. However, there are many other possible applications of computers in biology, such as simulating populations, analysing experimental gels and storing information about the phenotypes of mutant organisms.
- Biomechanics
- Biophysics - Biophysics is the application of physical principles, both classical and modern, to problems involving biological systems.
- Biotechnology - Biotechnology uses living organisms to create products that benefit mankind, such as foods, drugs, and waste recycling. This category includes sites dealing with scientific research in biotechnology. Sites devoted to the business and industrial aspects of biotechnology, including commercial entities and companies engaged in the use of cellular and molecular processes for the purposes of drug discovery and production, research, and biologically engineered food production, are listed under Business/Biotechnology_and_Pharmaceuticals/
- Botany
- Cell Biology - Cell biology lies at the center of the biological sciences, constituting the bridge between the sub-cellular, molecular levels of organization and the super-cellular, tissue-based and organismal levels. Historically, cell biology has relied upon biochemical and biophysical methods, microscopy, cell manipulation and pharmacological intervention for its progress. However, with the advent of modern techniques in molecular genetics and recombinant DNA technology, cell biology has become more closely allied to the fields of molecular and developmental biology and genetics. Much recent progress in cell biology also derives from discovery of new chemical compounds with effects on cellular processes. Furthermore, cell biology is at the heart of research on cancer, and as the understanding of the cell grows, cell biology has emerged as an important discipline in the biomedical sciences and medicine.
- Conferences
- Cryobiology - Cryobiology is the study of extremely cold temperatures on biological systems, from whole animals and plants to organs and individual cells. In this section we also include companies which research and store frozen tissue for transplant and other uses.
- Developmental Biology - The development of an organism or tissue from an egg, seed, spore or other type of progenitor cell is the subject of developmental biology. Developmental biology encompasses the field of embryology - the study of the embryo - and touches upon a number of other disciplines, including cell and molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. Most research in developmental biology focuses on model biological systems for which powerful tools of manipulation exist, each offering its own advantages. Modern molecular studies on model systems have revealed a remarkable degree of conservation of genes and proteins involved in development between even distantly related organisms, contributing to a new awareness of the relatedness of all species. Research in developmental biology has contributed immensely to our understanding of hereditary diseases affecting human development, and the promise of better treatments or cures for human diseases based on basic research in other species is very exciting.
- Directories
- Ecology - Ecology is a branch of science dealing with the interrelationships of organisms with one another and with their nonliving environment. These relationships include physiological responses of individuals, structure and dynamics of populations, interactions among species, organization of biological communities, and processing of energy and matter in ecosystems.
- Education
- Evolution - Biological evolution through domestication, mutation and natural selection as initially presented by Charles Darwin. Sites about other views on origins of life, cosmic evolution, geological evolution and social evolution can be found in the relevant ODP categories.
- Flora and Fauna - Top level subcategories are: five Kingdoms plus Viruses. The structure is organized according to a taxonomy tree. Some subtaxons and taxon levels are intentionally omitted for: 1) escaping from "unstable" taxons; 2) ease in navigation; 3) convenience in editing.
- General - Biology Life Sciences Some of the major fields in the life sciences include botany, zoology, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, ecology. Some areas of biology are closely aligned to medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for?
- Genetics - The study of genes
- Histology
- History
- Immunology
- Instruments and Supplies - Biology:instruments and supplies include all of the specialized apparatus, equipment, services and other "stuff" that scientific researchers, teachers, and engineers working in the field of Biology need in the course of their work. Pick an appropriate subcategory and then submit your English Language site there. The preferred structure is to have the title show the company name and have the description demonstrate why your site belongs in a particular subcategory of Instruments and Supplies (meaning, write a couple of sentences describing the appropriate product line or lines). The first word of your title should be your company name, the first word of the description should be the main service, device or product you list on your site. Don't think that a long flowery non-professional discription will get your site listed any faster, it won't. All this means is I have to waste my time editing your discription to fit ODP criteria. If you believe there are two or three appropriate subcategories, then submit your site to all of them, but do not submit to every subcategory in Instruments and Supplies. Please remember, multiple submissions of the same URL to the same category will not get your site listed any faster. If I cannot find your product, device, or service in a biology research lab, biology department research lab, university or high school biology educational lab, you will not find your site listed here. Industrial scale devices and supplies will not be listed in this category. Your product, device, or service must be related to biology laboratory work or biology education in some way, to be listed in Science/Instruments and Supplies. 04/21/00
- Methods and Techniques
- Microbiology - Microbiology is the study of microbes, including: bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, and parasites.
- Mycology - Mycology the study of Fungi The total kingdom of Fungi - from single cell yeasts through to large ''mushrooms''. Cultivation, finding, photographs, commercial growing, etc - the lot!
- Neurobiology - Neurobiology is he branch of biology that studies the structure, functions and diseases of the nervous system of all animals, including humans.
- Physiology
- Publications - This category is for websites dealing with biology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications.
- Reference
- Research Centers
- Sociobiology
- Taxonomy - Systematics the science of classification Taxonomy the science of biological classification Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for?
- Theoretical Biology - Theoretical biology has the goal of explaining the biological world by formulating theories. Mathematical biology is closely related.
- Toxicology - Toxicology is the science that deals with poisons (toxicants) and their effects. A poison is defined as any substance that causes a harmful effect, either by accident or design, when administered to a living organism.
- Zoology - Sites in this category pertain to members of the Kingdom Animalia, and are organized primarily by phyla or groups of phyla.
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology - Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics and Proteomics.
- Academic Departments
- Analytical - Science/Chemistry/Analytical contains links to those sites which may deal with the facet of chemistry used in the commercial world of chemical analysis. Agricultural, environmental, materials, QA/QC, and forensic links would be some of the most noted topics falling into this category. Pure and applied methods development for analytical processes are also included.
- Associations
- CVs
- Chemical Databases
- Chemistry Safety - These are sites that provide information, or data on chemical safety. This will include lab safety, as well as chemical plant and refienery safety sites. Safety equipment and devices will also be included, or at least links to them. Sites more appropriate for high school or younger students will be found in Reference/Education/School_Safety/Labs_and_Experiments/ 4/17/00
- Clinical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Computational - Computational chemistry involves the use of computers to investigate the structure and properties of atoms, molecules, and molecular aggregates.
- Conferences
- Consultants - These sites are from individual or companies that primarily consult on chemical matters. Such as method developement, process developement, chemical synthesis and or chemical manafacuring, sales or methodology.
- Directories - A section for indices of Chemistry resources, most of the sites here should contain indices pointing to at least 500 other chemistry resources
- Education - Sites that teach or inform about chemistry and chemistry education, from grade school to college. Sites which seek to sell something should have significant, free chemistry education content to contribute.
- Electrochemistry - Electrochemistry is the study of the exchange of electrons between an ion/molecule and an electrode, or another ion/molecule. Application areas include batteries, plating or electrodeposition, corrosion, analytical electrochemistry, as well as the study of any chemical reaction involving oxidation or reduction.
- Elements - Information on the individual elements of, and the groups in which they appear on, the periodic table in the context of the study of chemistry.
- Employment
- Environmental Chemistry
- General - Chemistry is typically defined as the science that studies the composition, structure, and transformation of matter. It has been called "the central science" because of the way it is related with all the other sciences. Chemistry bridges the gap between physics and biology; it is a "helper science" in almost many technical disciplines; and it occupies a prominent position in industry between the extraction of raw materials and the manufacture of finished products. Of course, it is chemists who call it this way; other scientists may have different perspectives. Chemistry is also distinguished from some other sciences because it creates its own object of study: chemists can imagine and create new compounds that have never existed in nature, so they are not constrained to what already exists, but only to what can be done.
- History
- Inorganic - The study of all elements and compounds of elements except for carbon.
- Instruments and Supplies
- Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - This category is concerned with NMR, EPR, MRI and NQR. There are categories for user guides, commercial vendors of NMR systems and supplies, NMR theory, magnet safety, shimming, in short nearly everything to do with the use, repair and operation of a NMR, EPR, MRI or NQR system. 07/23/00
- Organic
- Periodic Table - A selection of sites containing online versions of the periodic table of elements. Sites are classified according to the number of properties they display: Very Basic: less than eight properties. Basic: 9 - 16 properties. Detailed: 17 - 24 properties. Comprehensive: 25 - 32 properties. Very comprehensive: more than 32 properties. There are also notes when special software or browser features such as JavaScript are required.
- Physical
- Publications
- Research Groups - This category contains sites from research groups mainly interested in various aspects and facets of chemistry. This may include but is not limited to link lists, research and information pages, pages concerning a single element (such as Boron).
- Software - This category lists software used in Chemistry. This includes chemical engineering software, visualization software, chemical database software and specialized types of chemical software.
- Analytical - Science/Chemistry/Analytical contains links to those sites which may deal with the facet of chemistry used in the commercial world of chemical analysis. Agricultural, environmental, materials, QA/QC, and forensic links would be some of the most noted topics falling into this category. Pure and applied methods development for analytical processes are also included.
- General
- Conferences, meetings and workshops are an important part of the scientific enterprise. Most conferences fit in a category for conferences in a specific area of science. These categories are listed as links from the Science:Conferences category, which also lists sites for broad-spectrum scientific meetings and for organizations that conduct meetings in a wide range of fields.
- General
- Contains Internet directories with links relating to the field of science. All directories pertaining to a particularly branch of science are to be found within the category for that branch.
- Associations
- Atmospheric Chemistry
- Atmospheric Physics
- Conferences
- Data Centers
- Directories
- Education
- General - The branches of science that deal with the solid earth, the oceans and other waters, and the atmosphere.
- Geochemistry - Geochemistry is the study of chemical elements and their isotopes, and their distribution and abundance within minerals, ores, rocks, waters, and the atmosphere. Geochemistry also includes the dynamic aspects of reaction and circulation of the elements in nature. While geochemistry is most often used in reference to the Earth, it also applies to the study of the chemical elements and their isotopes on the moon and other planets.
- Geology - Geology is the study of Earth history, structure, composition and life forms.
- Geomatics - Geomatics is the science and technology of gathering, analyzing, interpreting, distributing and using geographic information. Geomatics encompasses a broad range of disciplines that can be brought together to create a detailed but understandable picture of the physical world and our place in it. These disciplines include: surveying & mapping; remote sensing; geographic information systems (GIS); and global positioning system (GPS) Geomatics is one of the fastest-growing technology sectors of the 1990s. Applications areas include the environment; land management and reform; development planning; infrastructure management; natural resource monitoring and development; and coastal zone management and mapping. -- Source: derived from Natural Resources Canada
- Geophysics
- Meteorology - Meteorology is the branch of science which studies weather. It is often an inexact science, especially when forecasting is involved, so that predictions often are stated as a percentage of probability. Listings here should concern the scientific practice of meteorology, information about weather events of historical interest, meteology as a hobby, and some instruments and products which either facilitate scientific meteorology or come from that background. Listings related to finding or reporting weather news should go to News: Weather.
- Natural Disasters and Hazards - This category serves as a collection and reference point for those parts of earth science concerned with earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural events causing damage and destruction. Resources include educational materials for dealing with natural disasters, links to other categories exploring more particular hazards, and research on disasters as such.
- Oceanography - Oceanography and marine science directory
- Paleogeography and Paleoclimatology - The science of representing the earth's geographic features througth the geological times.
- Paleontology - Paleontology is the study of past life, mostly through fossils, which are the preserved remains of ancient life forms. This category includes resources related to the science of paleontology, as well as for collectors of fossils.
- Products and Services
- Publications
- Quaternary Studies
- Research Funding
- Atmospheric Chemistry
- Assessment
- Use this catagory for resources that pertain to the assessment of science education. These are methods or materials which generate an indication of mastery for the subject or topic.
- Curriculum Development
- Equipment - This catagory is for sites that are primarily concerned with the supply, manufacture or repair of equipment specifically intended to be used in the provision of education in any of the fields of science.
- Experiments
- General
- Mentoring Programs - Generally, programs to mentor all ages of students interested in science and math topics and careers of all types and, when applicable, adults with similar interests, including actual or potential science and math teachers. Mentoring programs implicitly and sometimes explicitly target 'historically underrepresented populations' for mentoring, but sites in this category are not limited to this focus.
- Organizations
- Science Fairs
- Curriculum Development
- General
- Resumes
- Special Reports and Publications
- Staffing Services - Listings related to employment services and staffing agencies that specialize in science and scientific employment.
- Resumes
- Agriculture
- Technically oriented websites about the environmental aspects of agriculture, including agricultural pollution and its control.
- Air Quality - Information, organizations, and others studying, managing, writing about air quality - not for commercial sites providing products and services.
- Biodiversity - Biodiversity is not easily defined. Try What is Biodiversity? and Defining The 'B' Word for approaches with differing emphases. Below is a definition adapted from the World Resources Institute, World Conservation Union, and United Nations Environment Programme in Global Biodiversity Strategy 1992. "Biodiversity is the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region... Biodiversity can be divided into three hierarchical categories -- genes, species, and ecosystems -- that describe quite different aspects of living systems and that scientists measure in different ways. Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within species. This covers distinct populations of the same species (such as the thousands of traditional rice varieties in India) or genetic variation within a populations (high among Indian rhinos, and very low among cheetahs) ... Species diversity refers to the variety of species within a region. Such diversity can be measured in many ways, and scientists have not settled on a single best method. The number of species in a region -- its species richness -- is one often- used measure, but a more precise measurement, taxonomic diversity , also considers the relationship of species to each other. For example, an island with two species of birds and one species of lizard has a greater taxonomic diversity than an island with three species of birds but no lizards ... Ecosystem diversity is harder to measure than species or genetic diversity because the boundaries of communities -- associations of species -- and ecosystems are elusive. Nevertheless, as long as a consistent set of criteria is used to define communities and ecosystems, their numbers and distribution can be measured ..." Resources related to biodiversity or conservation as an issue or a topic of debate belong primarily in the relevant subcategory of Society/Issues/Environment . Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for?
- Conferences - Conferences, meetings, workshops, conventions, and similar events focused on scientific and technical aspects of the environment.
- Directories
- Education - This category is for resources regarding the teaching or dissemination of information regarding environmental science. Content areas often include ecology, as well as "issues" such as recycling, composting, and waste reduction, reuse, and recycling.
- Employment - Internet resources that are focused on environmental employment.
- Energy - Environmental aspects of energy production and utilization. For information on renewable energy resources, see Science:Technology:Energy:Renewables. For information on energy efficiency and conservation, see Science:Technology:Energy:Conservation.
- Environmental Health - Environmental Health - Definition. Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by interactions with physical, chemical, biological and social factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that may adversely affect the health of present and future generations. (From the Pew Environmental Health Commission)
- Environmental Monitoring - Collection, interpretation and dissemination of data about the ambient environment, including (but not limited to) weather and climate, air quality, water quantity and quality, vegetative cover, soil characteristics, contaminated sites, and changes in these conditions over time.
- Forests and Rainforests - Forests and Rainforests
- Global Change - Global change topics include climate change ("global warming"), greenhouse gases, and stratospheric ozone.
- Hazardous Waste - Scientific and engineering aspects of waste management and waste site remediation.
- Impact Assessment - Simply stated, impact assessment is identification of future consequences of a current or proposed action. Environmental impact assessment is currently required by laws in many nations of the world. Environmental impact assessment is an intensely interdisciplinary process that utilizes the biological, physical, and social sciences in analyzing the potential impacts of an action and in devising strategies for minimizing or preventing such impacts. Closely related fields that are also covered in this category include life cycle analysis of products and social impact assessment .
- Mailing Lists
- Mining - Environmental aspects of mining.
- News
- Organizations - Most organizations listed in this area are concerned with a wide range of environmental topics. Single-focus organizations are found under the appropriate topical headings. Some listings are actually links to categories elsewhere in the directory. This category is for scientifically-oriented organizations. Environmental advocacy groups are listed in Society:Issues:Environment:Organizations . Listed as Subcategories: "Governmental" includes national government agencies and international intergovernmental agencies (such as United Nations organizations). "Industry Groups" lists environmental sites maintained by private corporations or industry consortia. "Professional Associations" are organizations of professionals engaged in various environmental fields. "Research Institutes" are operated by universities, governments, foundations, and NGOs. They are engaged primarily in acquisition and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge about the environment or its protection.
- Pollution Prevention and Recycling - One definition of Pollution Prevention is: "The use of processes, practices, materials, products or energy that avoid or minimize the creation of pollutants and waste, and reduce overall risk to human health or the environment." Industrial ecology is also a closely related area. This category is primarily for resources related to waste minimization by source reduction (using fewer resources), reuse, and recycling. Composting is a technique for waste minimization, so there is a cross-link to the category Home/Gardens/Composting. Control of air and water pollution are covered in other categories of Science/Environment.
- Products and Services - Products and services for environmental control and environmental science. Most listings are in subcategories.
- Publications
- Sustainability - The World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission), defined "sustainable development" as follows in the report Our Common Future (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1987): "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." Sustainability can encompass many things and can be pursued on several different levels and scales. This section of the Open Directory addresses global-scale sustainability, regional and community sustainability, and sustainable living in daily lives. ("Think globally, act locally.")
- Water Resources - Water "resources" are the waters that people use or might use for human consumption, industry, etc. This translates to "all waters other than the oceans" and the category includes all scientific aspects of those waters. Topics may include hydrology, water supply, water distribution, water quality, wastewater, flooding, surface water (rivers, streams, and lakes), groundwater, drinking water, water treatment technology, water policy, and ???
- Air Quality - Information, organizations, and others studying, managing, writing about air quality - not for commercial sites providing products and services.
- Associations
- Botanical Gardens and Arboreta - Botanical Gardens and Arboreta are scientific institutions that acquire and maintain living collections of plants for the purposes of research and education. They perform the same function for plants as Zoos and Aquariums do for animals . Typically, to belong within category Science:Institutions botanical gardens and arboreta must have a full-time scientific staff, an herbarium and library, and a catalogued collection of thousands of plants. Although botanical gardens and arboreta may also have a public viewing area, in which case they may be listed as well under Public Gardens , it is the presence of a viable research faculty using an herbarium or herbaria which distinguishes botanical gardens and arboreta from public gardens. This tends to make botanical gardens and arboreta larger in size and more dedicated to preservation of plant taxa than Public Gardens , however size or reputation are not the determining factors. Universities with herbaria do not constitute botanical gardens, even if there is a botanical garden on campus, and even if there is a research program involved, but are listed instead under Science: Biology: Botany: Education . The reason is that University botanical research falls within a traditional academic structure dedicated primarily to teaching.
- Regional - National and multi-country government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils.
- Research Funding Organizations
- Research Institutes
- Zoos and Aquariums - Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to large, internationally-recognized zoological parks. These zoos and aquaria are actively engaged in various organized conservation programs, and maintain those programs in addition to their public services.
- Botanical Gardens and Arboreta - Botanical Gardens and Arboreta are scientific institutions that acquire and maintain living collections of plants for the purposes of research and education. They perform the same function for plants as Zoos and Aquariums do for animals . Typically, to belong within category Science:Institutions botanical gardens and arboreta must have a full-time scientific staff, an herbarium and library, and a catalogued collection of thousands of plants. Although botanical gardens and arboreta may also have a public viewing area, in which case they may be listed as well under Public Gardens , it is the presence of a viable research faculty using an herbarium or herbaria which distinguishes botanical gardens and arboreta from public gardens. This tends to make botanical gardens and arboreta larger in size and more dedicated to preservation of plant taxa than Public Gardens , however size or reputation are not the determining factors. Universities with herbaria do not constitute botanical gardens, even if there is a botanical garden on campus, and even if there is a research program involved, but are listed instead under Science: Biology: Botany: Education . The reason is that University botanical research falls within a traditional academic structure dedicated primarily to teaching.
- Distributors
- Contains sites for distributors of scientific laboratory equipment, devices, instruments, and consumable and non-consumable supplies. These products are those typically found in scientific, educational, research, quality assurance, quality control and government laboratories. Manufacturers of scientific laboratory equipment are listed in Science/Instruments_and_Supplies/Laboratory_Equipment . Distributors and manufacturers who primarily distribute to industries for large scale manufacturing are listed in Business/ .
- Environmental Testing - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily devices and kits used for testing the environment. 10/22/00
- General - Scientific instruments and supplies include all of the specialized apparatus, equipment, services and other "stuff" that scientific researchers, teachers, and engineers need in the course of their work. Your product, device, or service must be related to laboratory work in some obvious way, to be listed in Science/Instruments and Supplies.
- Isotopes - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose isotopes for scientific research. Also sites from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose NMR isotopically labeled solvents and other chemicals are listed here.
- Lab Consumables and Disposables - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose lab consumables and disposable supplies. Such as syringes, plastic lab ware, disposable lab coats etc. 10/22/00
- Lab Furniture - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily lab furniture and ancillary equipment as their main (or one of their main) products or services. This category also includes lab design firms, and renovation firms, as long as their primary product deals with scientific laboratory design or renovation. This lab furniture category includes, but is not limited to sites that sell or service work benches, fume hoods, lab cupboards, case work, drying racks any and all types of lab furniture, including electronics assembly and test benches. 10/22/00
- Lab Notebooks and Record Keeping - This category includes companies that sale, manufacture or distribute labels, notebooks, engineering notebooks, laboratory notebooks for lab record keeping. Record keeping software may also be considered for inclusion here. 07/02/00
- Lab Safety Equipment - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose lab safety equipment and supplies. This may include signs, OBA's, safety gloves and safety wear. 07/02/00
- Lab Space or Instruments for Lease or Rent - This category contains sites from companies, organizations, and/or individuals with Scientific instruments, systems, equipment, and/or lab space for rent or lease.
- Laboratory Automation and Robotics - This category contains sites that list automated products for the laboratory suc as auto samplers, robotics, high throughput screening equipment, and mechanical devices that make lab work easier for the lab tech. These devices perform the mind-numbing repetitive exercises for the lab tech. This category does not include computers and/or software.
- Laboratory Computers and Software - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose laboratory computers or software for laboratory computers. This cat does not generally include data loggers.
- Laboratory Equipment - Contains sites for manufacturers of scientific laboratory equipment, devices, instruments and non-consumable supplies. These products are those typically found in scientific, educational, research, quality assurance, quality control and government laboratories. Manufacturers who also distribute their own and/or other products are listed in this category. Distributors of scientific laboratory equipment are listed in Science/Instruments_and_Supplies/Distributors. Manufacturers and distributors of equipment, devices instruments and supplies intended for use in large scale and or industrial manufacturing are listed in Business/ .
- Laboratory Instrument Service, Calibration, and Repair - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, or distribute calibration devices for the lab, repair, service, or calibrate lab instruments or equipment, or make calibration lab equipment, or certified lab equipment or reference materials for the lab. This cat also includes companies that have as their main product or service; analytical, quantitative; chemical or biological lab services. 07/02/00
- Laboratory Waste Management - These sites are from companies that deal primarily with laboratory waste management solutions, hazardous as well as non-hazardous, radioactive and non-radioactive, toxic and non-toxic, biological, and animal waste.
- Material Science - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily lab instruments for material science testing, research or education. This section includes but is not limited to sites that make, manufacture, distribute or sale rheology instruments, viscometers, metal and concrete testing instruments, plastic drying, desiccant, drying, testing instruments for rubber, monomer, polymer, plastic materials, tensile testing, metal testing, metallurgy and various other sundry companies.
- Tribology and Lubrication - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily lab instruments for tribology or the study of lubrication or its effects. Tribology: The science of the mechanisms of friction, lubrication, and wear of interacting surfaces that are in relative motion. From the Greek tribos, a rubbing; tribein, to rub.
- Environmental Testing - These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily devices and kits used for testing the environment. 10/22/00
- Academic Departments
- Algebra - Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses letters or other symbols to represent unknown quantities, called variables. These variables and number values are combined to form equations. The rules of these equations follow the exact same rules as arithmetic, such as the commutative and associative laws for addition and multiplication. Functions are a special type of equation, where one variable can be uniquely defined in terms of the other. Another part of this topic is graphing of equations and functions using the Cartesian coordinate graph or polar coordinates. Also, covered in this topic is set theory or what constitutes a grouping of numbers.
- Analysis
- Applications - Applications of mathematics, other than mathematical physics. MSC 2000 classes 62Pxx Applications 91-XX Game theory, economics, social and behavioral sciences 92-XX Biology and other natural sciences 93-XX Systems theory; control 94-XX Information and communication, circuits
- Calculus - Calculus is a branch of mathematics concerned primarily with derivatives and integrals. The derivative of a function at a given point represents the rate of change of the function at that point. One of the applications of derivatives is to determine velocity and acceleration of an object in motion. The process of finding an integral (integration) can be thought of as the inverse process of finding a derivative (differentiation). Applications of integrals include calculating areas of plane regions or surfaces, as well as calculating volumes of solids. Both derivatives and integrals are defined using the concept of limit.
- Chaos and Fractals - Fractals as a branch of mathematics.
- Combinatorics
- Differential Equations - Differential equations relate functions of several variables to derivatives of the functions. Such equations are often used in the sciences to relate a quantity to its rate of change.
- Directories - Link collections, especially annotated ones regarding math, math research, math education, and so on.
- Education - Science/Math/Education is for educational web sites of interest to educators, parents, students and professionals emphasizing the teaching or learning of various aspects of math or math topics. The best sites will try to teach or instruct about math, though clear, easy-to-follow explanations of topics are useful as well.
- Employment
- Events
- General - Math or mathematics is the study of numbers and variables representing numbers to solve everyday problems, learn about the world around us or to be an exercise in logical reasoning. Some applications of math are in the areas of finance, physics, sociology, computer programming, fractal music and geometric art.
- Geometry
- History
- Logic and Foundations - This category is about mathematical logic and foundations of mathematics. (So it roughly corresponds to category 03-XX in the 1991 Mathematical Sciences Classification.) Major related subjects outside mathematics are computer science at one end, and philosophical logic at the other. If you are looking for basic, non-technical information on logic, you may want to look at the subcategories Encylopedia Articles and Educational Resources . If you think your site or one that you have come across fits here: please submit it. If not sure give it to us anyway ... we will do our best to find where it belongs.
- Mathematicians - Biography and personal web pages of Math professionals and enthuses, living and dead.
- Number Theory - It addresses problems about integer and rational numbers. It includes congruences, divisibility, primes, etc. and the famous Fermat Last Theorem.
- Numerical Analysis
- Operations Research - The study of operations research is concerned with mathematical methods and tools for solving problems relating to the allocation of scarce resources subject to constraints. Frequently these problems have to do with determining the least cost or greatest profit possible for a cost or profit function subject to constraints such as capacities and required amounts over a very large number of variables. Important problems within this space include minimimum cost routing problems, network maximum flow or minimum cost flow problems, and machine scheduling problems.
- Organizations - Sites of professional mathematics organizations, including national and international organizations.
- Precalculus - The study of the properties of functions, composite functions, limits, and review of trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential equations. The purpose is to prepare the student for calculus.
- Probability
- Publications
- Recreations
- Reference - Lists, tables, dictionaries and similar reference material in Mathematics.
- Research
- Software
- Statistics
- Topology
- Algebra - Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses letters or other symbols to represent unknown quantities, called variables. These variables and number values are combined to form equations. The rules of these equations follow the exact same rules as arithmetic, such as the commutative and associative laws for addition and multiplication. Functions are a special type of equation, where one variable can be uniquely defined in terms of the other. Another part of this topic is graphing of equations and functions using the Cartesian coordinate graph or polar coordinates. Also, covered in this topic is set theory or what constitutes a grouping of numbers.
- General
- Methods and techniques that are useful in a broad range of scientific and engineering applications include statistical methods, analytical chemistry, crystallography, microscopy and microanalysis, geographic information systems, and electronic data acquisition. Because many methods and techniques are themselves important fields or subfields of science addressed elsewhere in the Open Directory, this category contains numerous cross-links to other categories.
- Imaging Science - Imaging science is a relatively new discipline that combines computer-based imaging techniques with a variety of data acquisition tools to increase the range of properties that scientists can observe. The generic issues of imaging science include image-data acquisition; image reconstruction and processing; image recording and distribution; image display, analysis, and evaluation; human vision; and the mental processes involved in observation.
- Microscopy
- Scientific Method - The Scientific Method is the systematic method of analysis of phenomena, devised to permit the study of repeatable, thus reliable, knowledge. This category deals only with the THEORETICAL aspects of a very narrow branch of science which concerns itself with the ontological conditions that make a research scientific or not. Therefore, we will not admit sites presenting scientific principles and discoveries, or their practical and commercial applications. These sites will be automatically rejected.
- Stereology
- Imaging Science - Imaging science is a relatively new discipline that combines computer-based imaging techniques with a variety of data acquisition tools to increase the range of properties that scientists can observe. The generic issues of imaging science include image-data acquisition; image reconstruction and processing; image recording and distribution; image display, analysis, and evaluation; human vision; and the mental processes involved in observation.
- Academia
- Physics departments and/or physics research facilities from around the world.
- Alternative - Non main-stream.
- Associations - Associations, societies, etc.
- Astrophysics - Collection of scientific sites dedicated to the advancement of our understanding of the universe.
- Chats and Forums - This category is for sites for chatrooms and online discussion forums that are dedicated to physics in general. Note that discussions dedicated to specific topics in Physics should go under the topical category in question.
- Classical Mechanics - Non-quantum and non-relativistic physics. Study of motion of "bodies" - physical objects. Concepts involved: force, velocity, acceleration, etc.
- Computational - This category lists sites pertaining to the use of computer simulations of physical systems and numerical methods for solving physics equations.
- Condensed Matter - Most of everyday matter: solids, liquids, even gases.
- Conferences - Physics Conferences Homepages providing Conference Announcements, Schedules, Application forms etc. This category also covers Physics meetings, workshops, summer schools and other events.
- Cosmology - This category contains sites related to cosmology which utilize the theories of general relativity, quantum mechanics, or higher dimensional models. Sites on observational cosmology are to be sent to Astronomy/Cosmology
- Crystallography - The Crystallography is a misleading term. Diamonds and relatives are on the peripheries of the crystallographer field of interest. Probably the better name would be the "structural chemistry" or even the "structural biology". How the basic structures of living, rapidly changing world are connected with something as static as crystals? If one want to know 3-D structures of biological molecules - one need to crystalize them, then to put them into the X-ray beam and to interpret the obtained diffraction pattern. For simplicity alternative techniques of structural biology, for example NMR, neutron and electron crystallography are also included here.
- Directories - A place for sites which have gathered together many links related to physics, usually in a useful or unique way.
- Education - Science/Physics/Education is for EDUCATIONAL web sites of interest to educators, parents, students and professionals emphasizing the teaching or learning of various aspects of physics or physical science. The best sites will try to teach or instruct about physics or physical science, though clear, easy-to-follow explanations of topics are useful as well. There are both a Science/Chemistry/Education and a Science/Biology/Education category here at ODP, and they may be more appropriate for some site submissions. This category is not for software or selling of products.
- Electromagnetism - Electricity and magnetism.
- Employment - Physics jobs or career advice.
- Fluid Mechanics and Dynamics - Motion of liquids and gases.
- General - "Physics is the study and application of the fundamental laws of nature, including the laws of motion, gravity, electromagnetism, heat, and microscopic interactions. These laws govern the behavior of objects at all scales, from the smallest subatomic particles to the entire observable universe. In between, physicists study nuclear reactions, the interactions of atoms with light, properties of solids, chaotic dynamics of fluids, and the evolution of stars and galaxies, among many other applications." If this doesn't tickle your fancy, there is always the quote from Rutherford: "In science, there is only physics; all the rest is stamp collecting."
- History - History of physics: discoveries, fameous physicists.
- Instruments and Supplies - Scientific instruments and supplies used to do physics research and/or labs.
- Mathematical Physics - Sites which focus application of advanced mathematical topics in physical systems.
- Medical Physics - This category contains sites which are related to current applications of physics in medicine, and to research which may have medical uses.
- Nuclear - Sites and links concerning the science of nuclear physics. Different specialties are separated into their de facto divisions.
- Optics - Physics of light.
- Particle - Particle physics, often called High Energy Physics (HEP) deals with the smallest building blocks of everything around us - subatomic elementary particles. It is not about particles you could see under a microscope (e.g. dust particles) and it is not about chemical molecules. The World Wide Web was invented by particle physicists at CERN.
- Physicists
- Plasma - Plasma, called also the fourth state of matter (the other three are solid, liquid, and gas), is mixture of ionized atoms (atoms stripped of some or all of their electrons) and surrounding electrons.
- Publications - Includes scientific abstracts, reviews of popular scientific magazines and articles (such as Scientific American, Science, and New Scientist magazines), and links to sites all relating to the field of physics. This is NOT a category for catalogs or books for sale.
- Quantum Mechanics - The physics which describes subatomic systems and interactions of elementary particles.
- Reference - Includes reference materials in Physics, such as: Lists of formulae and constants. Glossaries of terms. Encyclopaedias
- Relativity - Classical mechanics generalized (extended) to realm of high velocities (special relativity), and strong gravitational fields (general relativity).
- Rheology - Rheology is science of flow, of deformation of liquids and solids, and of the in-between viscoelastic materials, such as asphalt, glass, dough or plastics (polymers). The properties of the materials are described by the constitutive equation (rheological equation of state) which may an include other then mechanical quantities, such as magnetic or electrical fields. Constitutive equation describes the memory of materials, effects of thermal and stress history and effects such as hysteresis.
- Software - Educational software, data crunching and analysis, simulations, multimedia, ...
- Vacuum - Includes sites on the specific properties of an environment where all of the matter has been evacuated (i.e. there would be nothing), as well as techniques and equipment for the attainment of such conditions in scientific investigations.
- Alternative - Non main-stream.
- Archives
- This category contains institutional electronic archives of scientific publications with interoperability standards (such as those fixed by the OpenArchive intiative).
- Books
- General - Scientific publications include traditional print journals typically intended for professional audiences, printed magazines typically intended for a popular audience, books, and a wide variety of electronic publications. Most publications are listed under subject-specific publications categories that are accessible here via links. URLs listed in this category are primarily for broad-scope journals, magazines, and publishers.
- Journals - Journals are intended for professionals and normally publish reports of original research, while magazines are directed to a general or popular audience. Both are listed here. The publications listed in the main "journals and magazines" category are those that cover all of the sciences, or a broad range of scientific fields. Journals and magazines in the specific sciences are listed in topical subcategories.
- Magazines and E-zines - Periodicals (elctronic, print or both) in Science aimed at a general or popular audience. These publications cover all, or a broad range, of the sciences. Journals and magazines in specific sciences are listed in topical subcategories.
- Multimedia
- Books
- General
- Reference tools and on-line calculators for science, math and technology. Includes physical constants, conversions for units of measurement (such as English to metric), periodic table of the elements, exact time, fundamental physical formulae and equations, materials properties, technical standards for science and engineering, and more.
- Standards - Technical standards, standards organizations, and standardization across science and technology.
- Units of Measurement - Online calculators and other resources for converting metric units to U.S. units, converting ancient measuring units to modern units, and converting within a measurement system (such as from liters to cubic meters).
- Standards - Technical standards, standards organizations, and standardization across science and technology.
- Academic Departments
- Forensic Science - Application of science to the enforcement of the law, in particular assimilation of evidence from the scene of crime.
- General - "Science in Society" focuses on the interaction of science and technology with the broader society. Potential topics include (but are not limited to) policy about science and technology, ethics in science and technology, representation of various societal groups in the scientific endeavor, applications of science in law, speculations about future science and technology, and the misuse (or proper use) of science in commerce and public discourse.
- Research Ethics - This is a science category, so sites will have information and/or guidance on conducting science experiments or research. Some sites will address the ethics of research which could have dangerous or unintended consequences for humans or animals. Other sites will address scientific misconduct, especially fraud in the research or review process. Science in Society focuses on the interaction of science and technology with the broader society. Research ethics is related to research being some degree of 'moral' and/or 'humane.' Agreement as to what is humane or moral in most cases is, understandably, more a result of consensus than of unanimity of opinion. Society/Philosophy/Ethics/Applied will have some overlap with this category and is possibly a better place to submit pages which argue or debate the ethics (or lack thereof) of certain scientific efforts. Society/Philosophy/Ethics/Applied/Bioethics is the proper category for sites specifically dealing with the ethics of research on humans or animals.
- Science and Religion - Exploring the interaction between the natural sciences and theology, across the world's religions. The purpose of this category is not to present any particular view, but to provide access to information and diverse views on this subject.
- Science and Technology Policy - "Science and Technology Policy" deals with topics ranging from role of governments in the scientific enterprise and the promotion of technology to the development of indicators of research performance, the protection of intellectual property rights and the impact of science and technology on society.
- Skeptical Inquiry - Critical evaluation of alternative science, paranormal phenomena, news reports about science, etc.
- Forensic Science - Application of science to the enforcement of the law, in particular assimilation of evidence from the scene of crime.
- Anthropology
- Anthropology is the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time. Anthropology involves the study of people, their origins, biological variations and characteristics, their languages and cultural patterns, their social structures and institutions, and their adaptation to their environment. Anthropologists strive to create useful generalizations about people and their behavior in hopes of bringing about the fullest possible understanding of human diversity. Anthropology is unique among the social sciences because of its comprehensive scope, unique methods, and particular focus on people from non-Western societies.
- Archaeology - The scientific study of material remains (such as artifacts and monuments) of past human life and activities. The archaeologist's objective is to gain an understanding of a culture or civilization by examining these objects and their use.
- Area Studies - Area Studies focus on the history, politics, economics, demographics, and geography of a given country or region (such as the Andes, South Pacific, or Central Asia). Area Studies also create profiles that can be used to predict or explain current events. Traditionally, they were data driven and often highly quantitative in nature. Relatively recently, many scholars in the field have embraced a more interpretive perspective and focus on more qualitative areas, including religion, literature, music, philosophy, and even art history. Area Studies have key differences with related Social Sciences. Ethnic Studies are written from the perspective of the group being studied. Area Studies, on the other hand, are generally written from an outsiders perspective. Unlike Anthropology, the 'culture concept', is not a central organizing theme for the discipline. Area Studies are distinct from Sociology in that they do not primarily focus on social relationships and institutions.
- Cognitive Science - Cognitive science topics which may span one or more specific sciences including psychology and medicine. Sites, works and indices that assume a scientific model in their processes, references or information gathering and summary.
- Communication - This subcategory is for sites pertaining to the study of human communication and understanding. This field focuses on content and process of interaction, primarily among humans. Communication study consists of several subdisciplines. Some classify by the number of interactors: intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, mass communication. Some classify by the type of interaction or problems inherent: intercultural, mediated, political, religious, organizational. Some classify according to the factors of interaction: rhetoric, language, semiotics, perception, cognition.
- Criminology - Criminology is a multi-disciplinary approach to examining and understanding the complex nature of criminal justice issues. This can include the study into the theory of crime, social foundations of criminal behavior, theories of punishment, and social structural components of the legal and criminal justice systems. It generally incorporates components from sociology, law and psychology.
- Demography and Population Studies - The study and measurement of human populations, including studies of human fertility, health and mortality, and migration.
- Directories - Sites whose primary purpose is to serve as an index or guide to other sites about the social sciences.
- Economics - Known by other scientists as the "Dismal Science," this field makes a serious effort to study and describe: The production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of wealth and the various related issues (problems) of labor, finance, taxation, currencies, the political arena as it relates to the above areas of goods and services. Although interest in economic theories dates to the origins of commerce itself, economics as a modern study independent of moral or political philosophy is attributed to the Scottish writer Adam Smith (1723-1790). The ideas put forth in his seminal work, Wealth of Nations , form the basis of "classical" economic theory and free-market capitalism.
- Education - Sites with resources for teaching and learning about the social sciences, particularly at the elementary and secondary school level.
- Ethnic Studies - Web sites pertaining to the science of ethnic studies.
- Family and Consumer Science
- Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Studies - Web pages of interest to those looking for information on the new interdisciplinary field of lgbt studies. Also includes transgender studies. (Am trying to get the category named changed to that effect.)
- Geography
- Institutions - Research organizations, academic departments, scientific and engineering societies and associations, professional societies, museums of science and technology, and government science establishments in the social sciences.
- Language and Linguistics - Open to English-language sites relating to Linguistics, the study of human languages.
- Methodology - Sites in this category are related to Social Research Methodology: the methods, techniques, and technology employed by social scientists in the advance of their fields.
- Political Science - Political science, often nicknamed "polisci," is the study of government, and of the social, economic, historical, and other influences on its processes and decision-making. Confucian thought and ancient Greek philosophy originated the field, which grew substantially with the rise of nineteenth century liberalism. Today, it utilizes social science methodology such as content analysis, public opinion surveys, and statistical analysis to create and evaluate generalizations about how government and people behave.
- Psychology - The modern discipline of psychology finds its roots in medicine and philosophy of the mid 1800s. Its methodologies became largely experimental in nature around the beginning of the 20th Century, and has since become known as the science of mind and behavior. Psychology is a broad discipline, stretching from the biological determinants of animal and human behavior through to the social psychology of intergroup relations. Although a lively and growing academic scientific discipline, psychology is also an applied discipline, such that many psychologists consider themselves scientist-practitioners. Applications range from clinical psychology through to the psychology of industry and organizations . Within this category you will find sites related to the academic study and practice of psychology in all its forms. Sites concerned with products, services, or mental health information are listed elsewhere in the directory; in particular, if you are looking for counseling and psychotherapy providers or consumer information you should begin your search in Health/Mental_Health . In particular, general counseling sites may be found in Health/Mental_Health/Counseling_Services and provision of services for a specific locale may be found in Health/Mental_Health/Counseling_Services/Regional .
- Public Administration
- Publications - Academic publications serving the social sciences.
- Recreation and Leisure Studies
- Research
- Social Work
- Sociology - Sociology encompasses and overlaps many fields involves in the study of social relationships and institutions, including organizational behavior, societal development and structure, and cross-cultural interaction. The term "sociology" as the scientific analysis of collective human behavior was coined in 1838 by Auguste Comte, but Max Weber and ?mile Durkheim are generally credited as the founders of the modern field. The listings in this category are self-consciously restricted to links offering academic content or information. This also means that commercial sites that don't provide academic content (e.g., book sellers as compared to academic journal sites maintained by publishers) will not be listed.
- Urban and Regional Planning
- Archaeology - The scientific study of material remains (such as artifacts and monuments) of past human life and activities. The archaeologist's objective is to gain an understanding of a culture or civilization by examining these objects and their use.
- General
- Simulation - Computer simulation establishes relations between MODELS and COMPUTERS. The whole simulation task normally includes also the modeling issues, resulting in a software tool that helps us to understand the behavior of an existing real system or something we are designing or constructing. This category contains links to relevant simulation sites. The main purpose is to help people who are not professional simulationists, to get more information about existing simulation tools.
- Simulation - Computer simulation establishes relations between MODELS and COMPUTERS. The whole simulation task normally includes also the modeling issues, resulting in a software tool that helps us to understand the behavior of an existing real system or something we are designing or constructing. This category contains links to relevant simulation sites. The main purpose is to help people who are not professional simulationists, to get more information about existing simulation tools.
- Academia
- University, industrial or academic programs in technology and Engineering.
- Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration
- Aerospace - This category covers the arts, sciences, and technology of aeronautics and astronautics.
- Biomedical Engineering - This site is devoted to Biomedical Engineering, either in the electrical and mechanical engineering field. Submit your site too!!!
- Chemical Engineering
- Civil Engineering - This category is where information related to the science and practice of civil engineering goes. All businesses that provide civil engineering services as their primary goal go into Business/Industries/Engineering/Civil. Products and services of interest to the civil engineering community will be listed in the interim in Products and Services, but will be moved to a Business category soon.
- Computational Engineering - Computational Engineering is high performance computing for engineering analysis and simulation. It typically involves parallel and vector capabilities and networking systems. New algorithms and analytic techniques are also used to enhance the power of these computational tools.
- Conferences and Events
- Cryotechnology - This category includes all aspects of Cryogenics: the production and study of extreme sub-zero temperatures. This includes the production, use, and storage of liquid gases (nitrogen, oxygen, helium), mechanical freezers for those temperatures, and the attempts to reach absolute zero. It also includes a recent use of cryogenic technology in which metals are dipped in liquid nitrogen to improve various qualities.
- Cybernetics - Cybernetics, the theory of intercausal networks underlaying communication and organization processes in dynamical systems, forms a metatheoretical superstructure for individual subdisciplines as systems theory, communication theory, connectionism or decision analysis. Yet, applied cybernetics serves as auxiliary science for practical fields as biology, psychology, medicine and technology. Complemenatary to this sectoral segmentation cybernetics can be classified into several layers. The inner layer is formed by general theoretical cybernetics (K1) that finds its concretization in the investigation of the realities (K2). Among the K2 the above mentioned subdisciplines (as general systems theory, control theory, information theory or game theory) are to be counted. Practical applications of cybernetics (biological cybernetics, control systems technology, computer science etc.) fall into the external layer (K3). Von Foerster derived his "Second order cybernetics" from the postulated emergence of subjective realities in the nervous system. As a "observation of observations" second order cybernetics eliminates the concept of an objective reality and describes instead of it the "Eigenwert" of the cognitive system as a result of recursive processes. Admittedly, this theory is neither without problems nor undisputable, but the new point of view adds a provocative stimulus to scientific work. Practicability and consistent links to microtheories of the applied sciences are critical for the K3's success.
- Directories - Organized collections of links to internet resources related to engineering topics. For the topic of internet directories in general (including the technology behind directories and search engines), see Computers: Internet: WWW: Searching_The_Web/
- Education - This category contains information on the teaching of engineering and technology. Information on technology itself, but not primarily educational in nature and not dealing with how to teach or learn it, belongs in the main category on Technology , not under Education.
- Electrical Engineering - Electrical engineering is a very broad field, ranging from all aspects of information processing, power production and power distribution. The main fields are electronics (including micro-, opto- and power electronics), communication technology, automation control, computer vision, and energy technology.
- Electronics - The Science/Technology/Electronics category is intended for listings of sites directly related to electronics technology, including the design, repair and use of electronics equipment. This category does not include listings of actual manufacturers, distributors, or repair and service businesses which should instead be listed in appropriate categories elsewhere in the directory. Please do not submit sites to the main category - new submissions should be made only to the most appropriate subcategory. Sites in languages other than English should be submitted to the appropriate language category in the World/ directory structure.
- Energy - Information on energy science and technology: resources, technologies, technology research, policy, facts, figures, controversy, and anything else the fertile minds of directory users might want.
- Engineering - The top of this category holds sites from companies or agencies that claim expertise in many engineering subjects, or consulting firms that claim expertise in a broad set of engineering or technology disciplines. 04/01/00
- Food Science - Food Science is the study of the production, transport, storage, processing, preparation and presentation of food, and this category is for sites giving an overview of the subject.
- General - Engineering and related applied sciences.
- Industrial Engineering - Industrial engineering is the application of engineering methods and the principles of scientific management to the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information equipment and energy. Sites representing Industrial engineering firms should be submitted to the appropriate IE category in the business section of the directory.
- Invention and Innovation - Web sites about invention or innovation in the broad area of technology.
- Lighting - The art and science of lighting design and illumination. This includes all the fields of architectural, movie, theater, and show lighting, as well as combinations thereof. Current subcategories include Daylighting, Associations, Magazines and Education
- Manufacturing - Research and development activities on the technology of manufacturing and advances in methods for manufacturing processes. These can be from academia, government or industry, however they should generally be something new or innovative.
- Materials - This category is for sites dealing with the science and technology of materials. Suppliers of products or services should submit their sites to an appropriate category in our Business section. Specific links to which can usually be found as an @linked sub category of this main category, or in the list of related categories.
- Mechanical Engineering - The branch of engineering concerned with the design, manufacture, installation, and operation of engines, machines, and manufacturing processes. It involves the application of dynamics, control, thermodynamics and heat transfer, fluid mechanics, strength of materials, material science, tribology, mathematics, and computation.
- Metallurgy - This category is for sites dealing with the science and technology of metals. Suppliers of products or services should submit their sites to an appropriate category in our Business section. Specific links to which can usually be found as an @linked sub category of this main category, or in the list of related categories.
- Metrology - Metrology is the scientific study of measurement. Legal metrology is the part of metrology where regulations are implemented in order to ensure an appropriate level of credibility in measurement results whenever conflicting interests exist, or when incorrect measurement results may adversely affect individuals or society itself. (Not to be confused with meteorology -- the study of the processes and phenomena of the atmosphere, especially as a means of forecasting the weather.)
- Military Science - This category covers the principles of science as they apply to military technology, and technical explanations of military technology. Defense contractor sites should be submitted to Business: Aerospace and Defense .
- Mining - Mining Sites with interest to the professional and recreational miner.
- Nanotechnology - Nanotechnology: a general term covering nanoscale science and engineering. A more narrow definition is miniaturization engineering at the nanometer scale. Nano is a metric prefix meaning 'billionth', in this case, science, technology, and engineering at sizes measured in billionths of a meter, which is 1,000 times smaller than a micrometer. It is proposed to build electronic and mechanical devices which are made of very tiny parts (as are biotic systems), but which may have very large effects (as do biotic systems).
- Organizations
- Professional Exams
- Publications
- Pyrotechnics - Sites that contain information and theory of pyrotechnics, ballistics, and explosives.
- Quality Engineering - Quality Engineering attempts to illuminate the economic significance of quality problems and determine methods of solving them independent of the production process. It differs from quality control, which is used during the production process to affect quality. Quality Engineering is concerned with variety and quality; variability loss and tolerance; determining tolerances; tolerance design and experimental design; off-line quality control; parameter design and tolerance design; and the design of experiments.
- Reliability Engineering
- Safety Engineering - This category is for sites dealing with the science and technology of safety engineering. Suppliers of products or services should submit their sites to an appropriate category in our Business section. Specific links to which can usually be found as an @linked sub category of this main category, or in the list of related categories.
- Sanitary Engineering - This category is for sites dealing with the science and technology of sanitary engineering.
- Software for Engineering - Documentation and purchase information for software that is useful for engineers.
- Space - The science and technology of the study and exploration of space.
- Structural Engineering - Information about structural engineering with an emphasis on building codes, standards and current research.
- Television - Everything you wanted to know about the underlying technologies which allow you to spend all those hours in front of the "boob-tube". From the history of the first black & white screen to the future digital high-definition surround-sound entertainment centers, we have it all!
- Transportation
- Welding - This category is for sites dealing with the science and technology of welding. Suppliers of products or services should submit their sites to an appropriate category in our Business section. Specific links to which can usually be found as an @linked sub category of this main category, or in the list of related categories.
- Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration
