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Computers - Software - Globalization
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MultiLingual Computing, Inc. - Information about internationalization, I18N, globalization, localization tools, language news, and translation services.

Microsoft's Globaldev - Information for developers of global applications, including multilingual issues, Unicode development, localization and globalization of software.

Sun Global Application Developer Corner - Offers resource material; sample code, downloads, testing tools, and links for developers to learn more about globalization and internationalization.

Globalization Research Center - Offers CIO's own knowledge about global business strategy and IT with the best outside resources from corporations, media, governments, and consultancies.

WorldWise - An online resource offering globalization analysis and insight, industry best practices, business planning tools and timely and useful resources and links.

Globalization.com - A portal to information about globalization, internationalization, localization, translation: links, tools lists, dictionaries, news, services.

Localisation Industry Standard Association - LISA is the premier organization for the globalization, internationalization, and localization industries (GIL), providing best practice, business guidelines, and multilingual communication standards.

The ClientSide News - eMagazine dedicated to the unique interests of the client side of the localization, internationalization and globalization industry"

Web of Culture WorldSmart - Information portal to website globalization.

The Industry Standard: When VC Firms Go Global - Traditionally, venture capitalists like to hunt for deals in their own backyard. This article explains why increased globalization is forcing them to look beyond the U.S.

The Unicode Consortium - The official Unicode web site provides extensive information and resources for programmers, implementers and others involved in computer globalization work.

MultiWeb - Apache-based WWW server supporting multiple languages and charsets

Open Group INTERNATIONALISATION - Open Group Internationalisation Titles

WInter - Web Internationalization & Multilingualism

Open Group LOCALES - Open Group Locales

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG20 - ISO Internationalization WG20

ISO/IEC 10646-1 - The international standardization working group for the coded character set UCS - the Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set - ISO/IEC 10646.

Software Internationalization Seminar - Organization producing seminars on localization and internationalization of software

Mozilla.org Language Enabling Project - Enabling Mozilla to support various languages and writing systems

Frank Tang's Netscape Communicator 4.0 Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn Secrets

Netscape Internationalization - Here are a collection of papers and presentation authored by Netscape engineers involved in Internationalizing Netscape products.

Mailing list www-international@w3.org - Mailing list for the development of all aspects of internationalization and multilingualism on the World-Wide Web.

MAITS home page - The Multilingual Application Interface for Telematic Services consortium, internationalization APIs issues.

Ken Lunde's CJK Ressources - Chinese Japanese And Korean languages ressources.

An annotated reference to the Thai implementations - This paper is an effort to collect and annotate relevant standards, technical and implementation aspects of Thai language implementation on various computer platforms.

Complex scripts - FAQs on complex scripts, contextual shaping, character reordering, diacritics and special justification and wordbreak rules for complex scripts.

Mozilla International QA - The team responsible for ensuring support of international conventions such as character sets and date formats, as well as for ensuring that localized builds of the Mozilla client function properly.

Programming for Internationalization FAQ

Input Method Managers and Editors - FAQs on input method editors and input method managers in Windows 2000

Locales & language groups - FAQs on locales, language groups, system and user locales, codepage support and Unicode support.

LANGUAGE Element - Specifies a semicolon-delimited list of RFC1766 language codes used for international distribution.

Idiom Technologies, Inc. - A supplier of software, strategy and services to establish and maintain a consistent, multi-lingual, multi-cultural web presence.

Babel - Towards communicating on the Internet in any language.

ABLE International - A provider of software localization, internationalization, technical translation and related international services to start-up and multinational clients marketing their products worldwide.

International Systems Consultancy - Creator of Iranian and Urdu language/character set software.

i18nGurus - Open directory of links to internationalization (i18n) resources and related material.

i18n.com - Working to make delivering international versions of software products dramatically easier by providing "News Tools Process for Global Software". Our goal is for readers to learn about internationalization (i18n) and localization (l10n) of software and related products and services as never before.

ISO 3166-1: The Code List - The links below take you to either the English or the French language version of the country names and code elements of ISO 3166-1.

Locale ID (LCID) Chart

The Localisation Industry Standards Association (LISA) - LISA is the premier organization for the localization and internationalization industry.

The Localization Institute - Organization producing seminars on localization and internationalization of software.

Firms help localize tech products for global markets - Boulder County Business Report

W3C Internationalization/localization: HTML - This site contains internationalization and localization information related to web sites. The page is part of the World Wide Web Consortium's site.

Silicon Valley Localization Forum - This site contains a wide range of information about the localization industry, including lists of books and magazines, online courseware, tools lists and contact information. Also provided is access to a discussion forum for online inquiries.

HandiLinks to Software Localization - A Complete Software Localization Directory, Software Localization Guide, and Index of Links related to Software

Japan Bytes - Japanese-Irish localisation company based in Dublin, Ireland. We specialise in translating computer software and hardware into either Japanese or English.

Professional Association for Localization (PAL) - The mission of PAL is to provide its members with structured education and training, standardization and best practices, information about translation trends, tools, and career opportunities, discussion forums, representation in the fields of Localization, Internationalization and Globalization.

Localisation Resources Centre - The Localisation Resources Centre is the research and support centre for the Irish-based localisation industry. The site contains an extensive list of links primarily aimed at software localization.

Words Language Services - Provides courses as well as translation and software localisation.

Berlitz GlobalNET - Offers translation, globalisation, software testing and localisation services.

The Very Best of Stuff - Localization links and testing exercise.

Inaword Translation & Interpreting Services - A one-stop language services solutions provider, localizes Web sites & software, translates documents & interprets conferences in all languages for all industries.

LocalizationWorks: Where Localization Professionals Do Business - The central point for all your localization business needs. Jobs, code, store and more for I18N and I10N professionals.

FT Article on Localization - Multilingual websites widen the way to a new online world: The dominance of English on the internet is set to decline as companies realise that to leverage the full value of their sites in global markets they need to approach customers in their own language, writes Julian Perkin

Multilingual Architecture Primer - An introduction to the issues of multilingual architectures as a way to localize an application. Specific focus on communities, marketplaces and workflow applications.

Syntax Software - Translations in all main European Languages.

Language and Localisation Consulting - Help and advice with localisation, translation and language technology projects.

Xavier Arderiu - Localisation & CAT tools - Localisation services. English to Spanish to Catalan.

ISP TOIN Group - One of japan's largest localization provider.

Ad litteram - Ad Litteram is a translation agency that specialises in value-added adaptations and copywriting.

Tamer Rizk - English into Arabic technical translator, localizer, reviewer, and language consultant.

E.L.K. Limited - Software localization, translation, desktop publishing, subtitling, and software testing

SDL International - SDL International is a leading globalization company, providing product and service solutions to companies who need to translate their products into local language markets.

Globalization Partners International - Globalization services and practices including internationalization and localization for websites and software.

French Localization - English to French localization for your national or international website.

webbed feats - IT services company focussed on Localisation, Electronic Publishing and Outsourced Development consultancy and solutions.

Globalization.com On-line help for translators and localizers - Lists on-line forums where translators, localizers and computer professionals can ask for help. Links also to the support pages of the most used products in the industry.

Multilanguage support in Windows - Microsoft site that describes how to configure windows to use foreign language fonts and keyboards. Links to download fonts for Pan-European, Japanese, Korean and Chinese languages.

SIL Greek Font System - SIL Greek Font System, a font package for Biblical Greek text encoding

SIL Hebrew Font System - SIL Hebrew, a font package for Hebrew text encoding

Fonts In Cyberspace - Fonts in Cyberspace, Non-Roman, Roman, Other, Word Processors

Dr. Berlin's Foreign Font Archive - A good directory of foreign language fonts, keyboard layouts and associated links. Most fonts are in truetype format, for Windows.

Yamada Language Center Font Archive - Our non-English Font Archive is designed to assist users who wish to display or type non-English fonts on their computers.

Beautiful Polish fonts for Windows - Your search for Polish fonts is over! Ogonki 3.0 will let you write & print in Polish in every version of Windows. Polish fonts at home, Polish fonts at school, Polish fonts at work. Don't use a pen to add ogonki to your text... Use Ogonki 3.0!polskie fonty, polskie czcionki, polskie litery

Microsoft Localization - Microsoft Employment Opportunity Web Site. Information on jobs in Redmond, WA and throughout the United States.

Silicon Valley Localization Forum Job Fair - Find out about exciting job opportunities, broadcast your job postings, or apply for career counseling services.

Career Opportunities-Antares Technology Solutions - Offers career opportunities and jobs in computer programming, software design, and software development for Windows, DOS, UNIX, and Web Designing.

WorldPoint: Join the Team - Today, WorldPoint provides Global 1000 and Fortune 500 companies with the market's leading globalization solutions. We provide a culturally diverse, dynamic and exciting environment with excellent opportunities for career growth in the Internet, Web globalization and translation industries. We offer an excellent benefits and stock option package. If you are ready for the greatest challenge of your career, send us an E-mail: hiring@worldpoint.com

LocalizationWorks : Jobs - Localization industry job listings.

MultiLingual Computing, Inc - Updated weekly as new listings come in. Jobs are for all over the world.

InfoTech Contract Services - A PGA owned firm (formerly Winter Wyman Contract Services) specializes in contract job opportunities on the leading edge of Software Development, Information Technology, Software QA and Globalization. Waltham, MA.

LARSEN Globalisation - Recruiting services for globalization, localization and translation.

LISA Job Postings - LISA offers the opportunity for company's to recruit new employees by posting job opportunities. CV posting section for individuals.

Jobs at i18n.com - Jobs section of this internationalization portal.

Globalization Jobs - A community for people seeking jobs and for agencies/companies posting openings in the I18N, L10N and G11N categories.

Encoding and Language Identifier - Basis Technology's Encoding and Language Identifier is a high-performance engine for determining the encoding and language of unspecified text. It can identify over 80 language/encoding pairs, including European and Asian languages/encodings.

Xerox Multilingual & Knowledge Management Solutions - MKMS business unit was created in June 1998 to provide software-based linguistic and knowledge management services and solutions. These are both integrated into customers' existing IT systems and used to complement MKMS current outsourcing provision. The unit bases its tools on commercialisation of key R&D technologies in document translation, authoring and knowledge management.

Uniconv (Free Demonstration Copy) - Can be used to convert text documents to any supported encoding. It can also be used to transform text within the document, for example you may convert all uppercase letters to lowercase.

Entente - A set of programs for live, two-way, conversational translation between any pair of fourteen languages. English-Spanish and English-French versions are freeware.

Sharmahd Computing UniPad - UnicodeTM plain text editor for the Windows.

Localization Image Browser and Font Browser - Image Browser lets you quickly analyze and track images and Font Browser is a utility for browsing all fonts installed on your system.

Japanese Tools - Ken's Japanese Code Manipulation Tools

Translator's Productivity Kit - Calculates the break even point in terms of number of words or months that a particular system will pay for itself. Price schedules are included for tools such as Trados, Star, Transit, and Deja Vu.

Downloadable ILE Tools - OpenFilter 1.00: Set of tools and OpenTag filters, includes also LXFilter; ODKCheck 1.00 build 005: DOS validator for ODK Filters interface; Java_OTF 1.00: Java application to extract Java property files to OpenTag.Includes other functions such as word-count, verification, etc.

STAR Automation - Translation Workflow Solutions - The next step for the localization industry - automation of translation workflow processes.

Translators Tools - Articles from the Translation Journal about translator's tools. (Mac-PC Conversions, First Impressions of ViaVoice from IBM, NaturallySpeaking from Dragon Systems, Review of Atrils Déjà Vu 2, Translation Aid Software (Four programs reviewed), Translators Emporium).

AppLocalize (Software Builders) - Helps to translate MS-Windows applications resources. Import application native language .RES file, translate menus, strings, dialog boxes, messages and dialog controls and ask AppLocalize® to generate a new .RES file. (You can also work on 32-Bit executables under WinNT4).

SSI SoftGlobalization - An enterprise methodology solution, SoftGlobalization combines a set of tools and services to provide a complete solution for internationalizing third-party software applications for the global marketplace.

MultiLanguage Pack - For Delphi 1.0, Delphi 2.0, Delphi 3.0 programmers. Help creating localized versions of applications.

Passolo - Professional software localization tool.

Using and Managing the Next Generation of Translation Technology - JCAT (Java Computer Assisted Translation) and DMS (Database Management System) from translate.com

Jargon - Localizes Windows programs to other languages.

Visual Localize - A tool to localize software into any foreign language. Provides an easy to handle and fast way of translating applications without the necessity of knowing the source codes. Merely the corresponding application modules are required for localization.

WizTom and WizTom for the Web - Wiz Tom is an easy to use and complete internationalization workbench that allows in a very short time to translate client/server and Internet/Intranet applications, fully (messages, external components, ...) and externally (no recompilation). WizTom for the Web is a complete environment to build multilingual web-sites - Internet or Intranet - without duplicating the source code or involving developers.

LocSmith - A complete software localization environment for RC file. (Under development).

VB Language Manager Pro - VBLM manages the localization process. You maintain a single unmodified copy of original source code, and build localized versions in an unlimited number of national languages. Works in three steps: Click Extract to search your code for strings and extract them into a new VBLM project file; click New Language and use the Language Table Editor to enter and/or manage translation. Finally, click Build and in seconds watch your application speak a new language.

The Visual Basic 6 - If you need to localize your application, VB has a lot of limitations. It pretty much requires the localizer to own VB so they can translate, resize, etc., and then recompile your application. Our Win32Dialog tools provide a better way--an add-in the developer runs that creates Win32 dialog resources that look just like your VB forms, and a runtime class that resizes/translates your VB form to match those resources. To localize, you simply send the .RES file or a .DLL to your localizer, and they do the work using the same tools they would use for C++ or other applications.

ResMe Visual Basic Localization String Extractor - ResMe makes the first step of localization extremely simple because it automatically moves hard-coded user interface strings into a resource file. ResMe is a string extraction utility that removes only "the right strings" from your Visual Basic® source code, replaces them with a LoadResString() reference, and places the extracted strings in a .RES resource file. Many days of tedious, error prone work can be reduced to a few minutes of automated processing! While ResMe performs about 98% of the work, it is still necessary for a programmer to inspect which strings should and shouldn't be moved to the Resource file.

AxTools - Specialized in delivering high quality development tools for Visual Basic programmers.

WebBudget - WebBudget is software that processes, categorises and counts all text for translation in an Internet file, including ALT, BUTTON, META, JAVA and other translatable labels.

HtmlQA - HtmlQA is the industry standard quality assurance tool for localized Html-based online help systems for Windows 3.1, 95 and NT.

CATALYST Tips & Techniques - From Language Partners International

CATALYST User's eGroup - Share experiences you may encounter with the use of the Corel CATALYST software localization environment. Interact with other CATALYST users and get feedback regarding software localization using CATALYST

Alchemy Software Development Ltd. - Catalust is a single integrated application that combines powerful localization tools with project management features.

Basis Technology's Rosette Globalization Platform - Product suite solves your globalization challenges. RGP text processing tools help your team build a multi-lingual source code base for your technology. RGP language analysis products focus on solving issues surrounding language-specific functionality required by specific markets.

RWS Localization Tools - A set of various free Windows application to help in the localization process. It includes for example filter to extract translatable content of different formats (including XML) to various translation environments. It also offers various XML-related utilities for encoding conversion, validation, format conversion, external reference update, and so forth.

HelpQA 2.0 - quality assurance tool for localized RTF-based online help systems for Windows 3.1, 95 and NT.

HtmlQA 1.4 - HtmlQA Quality assurance tool for localized Html-based online help systems for Windows 3.1, 95 and NT.

Netscape International - Netscape Communicator is an ideal multilingual network tool. Communicator can handle many languages in browsing, creating HTML pages, and displaying/creating/sending both HTML and Plain-Text Mail messages and News articles. It can display both Western and Asian scripts in Java applets. It is a great tool and friend for international commerce and communication.

MtScript - A multi-lingual text editor that enables using several different writing systems (Latin, Arabic, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, etc.) in the same document. MtScript provides typical editing functions such as insertion and deletion, even for text containing portions of writing in opposite directions. In addition, MtScript allows the user to explicitly associate portions of the text with a particular language, and to associate keyboarding rules with any language. Different types of character sets (single byte, multiple-byte) can also be handled.

NJStar Chinese/Japanese/Korean - Software developer of Njstar Chinese Word Processror, Njstar Japanese Word Processor, NJStar Communicator and NJWIN Chinese/Japanese/Korean Multilingual Internet Viewer for Windows 95, 98 and NT. Fully functional Shareware versions are available for download.

Taking Advantage of Office 2000 - Multilingual users will find lots to love in Microsoft's new suite of applications.

Chinese Partner (TwinBridge) - Allows the input of Chinese characters into your favorite Windows applications to produce bilingual or multilingual documents.

Aksharamala - A Windows text input program for Hindi. Also, hosts over three thousand Hindi lyrics in Devanagari format, and English to Hindi dictionary. Product specifications, support, download, and contact details.

Rosette, the C++ Library for Unicode - Enables software engineers to add Unicode 2.1 compliance to their products. Rosette's C++ classes and ISO C compliant wide character runtime library support flexible conversions between Unicode and a broad range of widely used language-specific legacy encodings.

Multilizer - Allows you to create multilingual applications in which the language can be changed on the fly. Multilizer turns up to 80 percent of internationalization work into just a few mouse clicks. Language Manager utility automatically picks the strings from the source code to be translated.

SoftWorks Development & Consulting - Provides software localization and multilingual technical translation.

SSI SoftGlobalization - An enterprise methodology solution, SoftGlobalization combines a set of tools and services to provide a complete solution for internationalizing third-party software applications for the global marketplace.

International Components for Unicode - Collaborative open source software development project delivering Unicode support on a wide variety of platforms.

Bicameral Pictographic Keyboard - Chinese language keyboard that takes advantage of the transmission speed and storage capabilities inherent in pictographic expression.

Citrus: BSD I18N Framework Implementation Project - The project is writing libraries and tools with non-restrictive licensing for internationalization and localization of UNIX software. This includes a Locale/iconv implementation to conform to ISO C/SUSV2, gettext and POSIX NLS catalog implementation.

XML Internationalization and Localization FAQ - Offers answers to practical questions about internationalization and localization aspects of XML.

ECMA: Character Code Structure and Extension Techniques - Specifies the structure of ECMA-35, for 8-bit codes and 7-bit codes which provide for the coding of character sets, with a detailed PDF document.

HTML Validation: Using Character Encodings - How to validate HTML documents in various character encodings.

HTML Document Representation - Chapter covering document character sets and encodings in HTML from the World Wide Web Consortium's HTML 4.0 Specification.

World Wide Web Consortium - Covers code tables, Unicode, HTML and XML and links to other resources and discusses internationalization and localization issues relating to character sets.

czyborra.com - Information on the ISO 8859 alphabet soup, Cyrillic encoding, PC codepages, East Asian encoding, ASCII and variants, EBCDIC and Unicode - by Roman Czyborra.

EKI Letter Database - Query character sets, encoding, codepages and Unicode information in an easy-to-use web form. Held at the Institute of the Estonian Language.

Character Set Issues beyond HTML3.2 - Internationalization issues beyond HTML3.2 and ISO-8859-1. Includes information on Baltic encodings.

Dan's Web Tips: Characters and Fonts - Hints and tips about character sets and fonts in web development. Includes links to related resources.

Xceed Binary Encoding Library - A library for Windows developers that allows applications to encode binary data and files into text and vice-versa.

Tutorial: Shady Characters - A tutorial that explains HTML character sets, character encodings and character references from Webreference.com.

Characters and Encodings - A tutorial on character code issues in digital processing and transfer of text data, on the Internet or otherwise. Includes tables and a detailed listing of control codes. In English and Finnish.

Domain Island: Language Tables - Information on GB2312 (Chinese simplified), Big5 (Chinese traditional), Shift-JIS (Japanese), KSC5601 (Korean), Windows-874 (Thai), Windows-1258 (Vietnamese) and ISO 8859 (multilingual) codepages.

An Early History of Character Set Standardization - Covers the beginnings of the ASCII standards from ASCII-1963 onwards and information on Cyrillic, Japanese, Korean, Thai and Vietnamese encoding systems, including various localized versions of EBCDIC. With tables and links to other resources.

ISO 639 Language Names - The standard names for use in SGML and XML, including a complete list of language name codes.

Tips & Techniques for Foreign Content on the Web - Pennsylvania State University's guide to reading and publishing different languages on the web. Includes details of various encoding systems and links.

MS Windows characters in HTML - A review of the HTML authoring problems caused by some special characters which belong to MS Windows character set but not to ISO Latin 1. Includes technical details and substitution tables. In English and Finnish.

A Brief History of Character Codes - A concise history of the development of character encoding in Western and East Asian languages, including ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode and TRON.

LangBox International - Codetables for ISO 8859-6, ASMO 449 plus, ASMO 708 (Arabic) and ISO 8859-8 (Hebrew) and further information about the company's work in multilingual UNIX.

IANA: Character Sets - The official names for character sets that may be used in the Internet and referred to in Internet documentation - held at the Internet Assigned Number Authority.

Diffuse Project: Character Set Standards - An overview of different character set encoding standards.

Basis Technology: Presentations and Papers - A wide range of articles on Unicode, East Asian localization and Internationalization issues.

3rdpageSearch - Front end to several search engines and portals that allows you to enter queries in various character sets.

ASCII and EBCDIC Compared - A comparison of two of these two basic encoding systems, with tables.

eGrannie: ASCII-EBCDIC chart - A side-by-side comparision of ASCII and EBCDIC encoding.

Chilkat Charset Conversion Component - A character set conversion component for Unicode, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Cyrillic, Arabic, Hebrew, Thai, Vietnamese and all Western languages.

The Unicode Consortium - The official Unicode web site provides extensive information and resources for programmers, implementers and others involved in globalization work.

Fingertipsoft: Character Set Converter - Converts multilingual text between Unicode and other popular character sets.

Sun Microsystems: Unicode Support in Solaris 7 - Information for software developers interested in Unicode support in this operating environment, including an overview, multilingual support in Solaris, application development and codeset conversions.

Unicode Characters FAQ - FAQ and overview of the various scripts covered by Unicode and their characters and glyphs.

Unicode Transformation Formats - Detailed reference for the Unicode Transformation Formats used to store or transmit Unicode data in 7-bit or 8-bit environments (UTF-7 and UTF-8).

Unicode Support in Your Browser - Test browser and operating system compatibility. Also downloadable Unicode fonts and links to other resources and references.

Rosette - Rosette is a C++ library for Unicode from Basis Techology. The site also contains an overview of Unicode, technical information on database support and a free demonstration of the software.

ConScript Unicode Registry - Information on block assignment in the Unicode Private Use Area.

Adobe: Unicode and Glyph Names - A description of PostScript glyph naming conventions in the context of Unicode.

Linux Unicode How-to - How to adapt Linux systems to use UTF-8 encoding. (ftp)

Tackling a Daunting Task - Eugene Eric Kim reviews "Unicode: A Primer".

UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ - A comprehensive resource about Unicode and UTF-8 on Unix and Linux systems.

TITUS - Browsers test for Unicode compatibility.

UTF-8 Sampler - Examples of the UTF-8 Unicode encoding method demonstrating its ASCII-preserving properties.

Why Unicode Won't Work on the Internet: Linguistic, Political and Technical Limitations - A paper outlining issues with encoding all the world's character sets within the limitations of the existing Unicode standards, and the possible impact this will have on East Asian languages.

Who doesn't know what Unicode is? - C-Kermit and Unicode issues explored.

IBM developerWorks: Unicode - A developer resource for building applications for a worldwide audience, with technical and editorial articles.

Demystifying Unicode - Information on technical aspects from SimulTrans.

International Unicode Conferences - Contains a variety of tutorials and details of conference sessions covering Unicode, the web, software and internationalization. Contains details of past conferences since 1996 and information about upcoming events.

Microsoft : Unicode Codepages - A list of common codepages with tables in text and graphical formats.

Unicode, MBCS and Generic text conversion - A guide to using generic text functions to make the transition between character sets easier for C++, MFC and STL.

Zvon Character Search - Finds properties of Unicode characters and determines its usage in XML documents. It also enables search of HTML and MathML entities and searches based on visual similarity. A browse by scripts, blocks or digits is also available.

Zvon Character Reference - A reference of visually similar characters and their Unicode values, which can be downloaded for off-line use.

Mac OS 8 and 9 Developer Documentation: Unicode Utilities - Utilities from Apple for the Mac OS environment. Some documents require Acrobat Reader.

Sharmahd Computing UniPad - A Unicode plain text editor for the Windows NT and Windows 95 operating systems.

Unicode and Multilingual Support in Web Browsers and HTML - A guide to displaying thousands of foreign and special characters in Web pages, with the aid of Unicode, plus notes on suitable multilingual browsers, fonts, editors and other utilities. Includes lists of the characters in each Unicode range that can be used to test browsers and fonts.

Unicode Example - Demonstrates the use of the Unicode Character Standard to store names and places from anywhere in the world, in any language.

Fontboard - Multilingual fonts and keyboard layouts for Unicode-compliant and pre-Unicode applications. Also contains information on CJK, Maltese, Esperanto, Arabic, Cyrillic and Hebrew and links to related resources.

The Unicode Standard - The online edition of version 3.0 of this standard.

CJKV Character Set Server - Generates character sets for any CJKV character set and delivers result through your browser or sends it as email.

Character Tables by Koichi Yasuoka - Mainly concentrating on Chinese, Japanese and Korean character tables. Also includes some European and Western tables.

CJK Character Sets and Encoding Forms - Short descriptions, examples and browser tests.

Computing in Arabic - With some information on Arabic encoding sets such as ASMO 449-plus and Al-Arabi. Includes scanned tables.

LangBox International: Linux and Unix Arabic support - Resources, downloads and commercial products supporting Arabic in several Unix and Linux implementations.

The FarsiWeb Project - Covers Persian and Farsi scripts in Unicode and other technical information. In English and Persian.

RFC 1842 - ASCII Printable Characters-Based Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages - Describes the HZ-GB-2312 encoding, the 7-bit Chinese character encoding designed for use in electronic mail and network news messages over the Internet.

RFC 1922 - Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages - Describes ISO-2022-CN and ISO-2022-CN-EXT encoding for transporting Chinese characters in Internet services such as electronic mail, network news, telnet and the World Wide Web. It also discuesses the common CN-GB, CN-Big5 and ISO-10646 encodings.

Slavic Text Processing - Information on how to set up PCs for Slavic and Cyrillic languages, covering a variety of operating systems. In English, German and Russian.

KOI8-R Russian Character Set - Information relating to the KOI8-R Russian character set. Includes tables, software information, keyboard layouts and many links to related resources. In English and Russian.

The Cyrillic Charset Soup - Roman Czyborra's detailed history of Cyrillic encodings such as GOST-13052, KOI-7 and KOI-8, ISO-IR-111, ISO-8859-5 and KOI8-U. Also contains information and links about Russian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian character sets. Includes a complete set of tables.

Cyrillic in different encodings - Covering UCS-2, UTF-8 Little-Endian, KOI8-R, Win-CP1251, DOS-CP866, ISO-8859-5, Mac-Cyrillic, KOI8-U, ShiftJIS and Unicode Big-Endian encoding systems.

ISO 8859-5 Latin/Cyrillic Alphabet - A table of the ISO 8859-5 code page.

Fingertip Software: ISO 8859-5 table - Table for this Cyrillic code set, also known as Soviet GOST 19768-74.

KOI8-U Ukrainian Character Set - Ukrainian variant of KOI8-R and ISO-IR-111. Includes tables and links to other related Ukrainian and Russian resources.

Minority languages of Russia on the Net - Fonts, codepages, keyboard drivers and other utilities for the following languages in and around the Russian Federation: Altai, Bashkir, Buryat, Chechen, Chukchi, Chuvash, Itelmen, Kalmyk, Karelian, Khakas, Khanty, Komi, Koryak, Mansi, Mari, Nenets, Nivkh, Saami, Selkup, Tatar, Tuvan, Udmurt, Vepsian and Yakut.

Russify Everything - How to adapt various systems and software for use in Russian, including details on Russian character encoding systems.

RFC 1557 - Korean Character Encoding for Internet Messages - Describes the ISO-2022-KR encoding method being used to represent Korean characters in both header and body part of the Internet mail messages.

Understanding Yiddish Information Processing - General information on information processing, character sets and links.

Hebrew Letters using ISO 8859-8 - Guidance on how to use Hebrew encoding plus a table.

Hebrew characters in XML and XHTML - Including test pages and technical information.

Yiddish and Unix - Manipulating Yiddish texts under the Unix operating system.

The Hebrew Alphabet - Details of standard encoding systems such as ISO 8859-8, ISO 10646, SI 1311, SI 1507, Unicode and PC Code Page 862.

Hebrew Cantillation Marks and their Encoding - Tables of Hebrew cantillation marks, code values, Unicode information and technical notes.

Jonathan Rosenne's Hebrew Page - Information on Hebrew encoding and links to related resources.

A Users' Guide to Yiddish on the Internet - General information, plus information on Yiddish UTF-8 Unicode.

Tamil Unicode - Proposal to extend the support for Tamil encoding in Unicode. Includes technical data, tables and images of the proposed character set.

Indic Scripts in Unicode - Covers Unicode support for Devanagari, Bengali, Gurumukhi, Gujarati, Tamil and other Indic character sets.

TIS 620 Character Set - Character table and details of the Thai encoding system.

Standardization and Implementations of Thai Language - Details on Thai encoding, input and output mechanisms, linguistics and standards. PDF document, requires Acrobat Reader.

Tamil Numerals - Information about entering Tamil numerals. Site requires a font download from the main page.

Indix - Indian Language Computing Project - Research project related to Indian languages in computing. Contains details of the work, screen shots and a download of the unicode compatible Raghu font.

Computing in Indian Languages using Java - Unicode and ISCII-based Java Products for Indian language computing. Suite offers conversion utilities from Unicode to non-Unicode Indic fonts and vice versa.

ISCII and ISCLAP - The Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) and Indian Script Code for Language Paging (ISCLAP) are two standards supported by the Indian Government. Includes a character set table and a description of the two encoding systems.

The Indic Computing Project - Involves preparation of a handbook for computing in Indian languages, with languages specific issues. Also contains mailing lists for Indic computing users, developers, standards and CVS logs.

ITRANS to Unicode conversion - Example demonstrating conversion of ITRANS input to Unicode. The online interface on this site does the conversion from ITRANS to latin, utf-8, and gif.

Susha encoding for Indian languages - Official page for the Susha encoding method for Indian languages, contains free downloads and sample source.

Indic titles and input using VB6.0 - Source code, binaries, and instructions for software development involving utf-8 encoding with Indic scripts.

ITRANS for MacOS X - A package for printing text in Indian languages using English-encoded input, ported to the Macintosh.

ITRANS - A package for printing text in Indian languages using English-encoded input.

Proposal for Addition of Consonant Base Marker - A proposal to ISO to remove current ambiguities of a grapheme cluster's semantics in various Indic languages.

Internet Scenario in India - Includes information on ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange) and other Indian-language encoding and Internet-related issues.

The ISCII encoding system - A description of the ISCII encoding system for indic scripts.

ISO 8859-7 versus Windows-1253 - A comparison of these two different encoding systems.

Greek Font Unicode Converter - A web-based utility to convert from various Greek fonts to Unicode with some technical notes.

Advanced Topics on Computing in Greek - Information on Greek codepages, Unicode, utilities and Perl scripts from the Hellenic Reources Network.

ISO Character Set 8859-7 - Table of Greek characters from Microsoft.

Microsoft Windows Code Page 1253 - A table of this Greek encoding system used by Microsoft Operating Systems.

Greek and Coptic language fonts - Greek and Coptic language font links and encoding information, compiled by Luc Devroye.

Unicode Polytonic Greek for the Web - A draft guide to applying Unicode for use with Polytonic (classical) Greek. Includes technical and application notes.

Estonian Standard EVS 8:1993 - Covers character encoding information for Estonian, including ISO 8859-1, EBCDIC, DOS and Windows systems, plus other resources such as Posix and IEC 14652 locales.

HTML 4.0 Latin-1 Entities - A table of ISO 8859-1 characters from the Web Design Group.

ISO Latin 1 Character Entities - A table of Latin-1 character entities.

Esperanto Characters - Information on suitable encoding systems for Esperanto.

Jumbo: Vietnamese Software and VISCII Standard - Conversion software, information on the VISCII standard and other Vietnamese-language utilities.

Viêt Text and Typography - How to view and publish web pages with Vietnamese text. Contains information about various encoding systems and fonts.

Vietnamese-Unicode FAQs - Background information about Unicode applications for Vietnamese, including standards, encodings, fonts, keyboard drivers, conversion utilities and text editors.

VietIME - Java-based cross-platform Vietnamese Unicode input method editor (IME).

Vietnamese Unicode FAQs - Information about Vietnamese Unicode applications, including standards, character encodings, fonts, keyboard drivers, conversion utilities and applications.

Vietnamese-Standard Working Group - Promotes the standardization of Vietnamese character encoding and monitors ongoing work of international bodies in this regard. Includes information on the VISCII and VIQR standards.

Viet Unicode Forum - Technical support and forum on Unicode applications for Vietnamese language applications.

RFC 1468 - Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages - Describes the ISO-2022-JP encoding used in electronic mail and network news messages in several Japanese networks. It was first specified by and used in JUNET. The encoding is now also widely used in Japanese IP communities.

RFC 2237 - Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages - Describes the ISO-2022-JP-1 encoding scheme, which is used in electronic mail, and network news. Also provides a listing of the Japanese Character Set that can be used in this encoding scheme.

Files for Inuktitut Unicode support: - Resources, fonts, drivers, technical and linguistic information for computing in Inuktitut.

Proposal for encoding the Cherokee script - Information on a proposed Unicode standard, including tables and technical information on Cherokee encoding.

www-international - Mailing list for the development of all aspects of internationalization and multilingualism on the World-Wide Web hosted by the World Wide Web Consortium.

Cypresoft TRANS Suite 2000 forum - This E-group is available for all the translators who want to discuss Trans Suite 2000 and other translation issues.

LanguageTech Net News - "LanguageTech Net News" features the latest news for language technology and multilingual computing.

Lingualizer E-zine - Offers news and information via e-mail.

I18NdotNET - List designed to act as an information sharing forum for people interested in .NET internationalization and localization issues.

Internationalization (i18n-prog) Mailing List - A list to exchange ideas, hints, tips, announcements and other useful information regarding programming for international markets.

TW_users - A forum for users of Trados Workbench and other Trados products (MultiTerm, WinAlign, etc.). A place to discuss your experiences with TW and to request help with any problems you may encounter. This mailing list has no connection whatsoever with Trados GmbH. It is entirely unofficial.

LANTRA-L - A forum for all aspects of translation and interpretation of natural languages including, but not restricted to, computer aids for translation and interpretation. Topics which can be discussed are: translation theory and practice, translation tools, terminology, lexicography, court, conference and community interpreting, intercultural communication, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, professional ethics for interpreters and translators, education and training of interpreters and translators etc. (Note: Very high traffic).

DEJAVU-L - Devoted to the discussion of DejaVu.

TERM - Hosts discussions regarding terminology and translation issues.

Globalization.com - Daily news - Register free to receive daily news of the globalization, internationalization and localization industry.

GDHelp - Update notification list for Microsoft's Global Software Development Site.

MetaTexis - Mailing List for the discussion of the MetaTexis translation memory tool.

Transit_TermStar - Technical discussion and help group for issues concerning Transit and TermStar.

Multilingual Compliance News - News for executives who manage translation and localization projects. Every other month we discuss issues impacting translation, technology, and regulatory compliance. Recent topics have included the latest worldwide regulatory developments; packaging and marketing of medical devices language developments; localization technology; and the multilingual Internet.

SDLX - Devoted to the discussion of SDLX - the Translation Memory tool from SDL International.

CATMT - The CATMT list hosts discussions regarding Computer Aided Translation and Machine Translation software.

Globalization Jobs - Mailing list community for people seeking jobs and for agencies/companies posting openings in the I18N, L10N and G11N categories.

North East L10N Special Interest Group - This group is designed to be an information sharing forum for people in the North East US who are interested in localization issues.

Catalyst User's Group Mailing List - Share experiences you may encounter with the use of the Corel CATALYST software localization environment. Interact with other CATALYST users and get feedback regarding software localization using CATALYST.

TransRef - Reference centre for CAT (Computer Aided Translation) tools and technology.

Translation, Theory and Technology Homepage - This site is maintained by the Translation Research Group of Brigham Young University's Department of Linguistics. As the intentionally ambiguous name suggests, this website provides information about language theory and language technology, particularly relating to translation.

LANT Language Technology - LANT specializes in technologies in the area of translation and documentation.

netOversætter - Denmark's leading web site devoted to CAT and MT issues. News, links, articles, on-line dictionaries, free English/Russian and Danish/Russian translation service and a bookshop. Most of the web site is in Danish, but news, the bookshop and some services are available in English.

Multilingual Software Digest - A good software digest with an extensive list of language and translation software. Many titles can be ordered directly from gy.com's web-site.

CATMT Mailing List - Hosts discussions regarding Computer Aided Translation and Machine Translation software.

The Linguist List - Access Linguistic Abstracts Online, Research support and ressources.

Translation Memory Software - A brief overview of TM software with links to various packages.

The development and use of machine translation systems and computer-based translation tools - A paper by John Hutchins on machine translation, computer-aided translation, translator workstations and multilingual systems.

Soget - Translation services offering compatibility with IBM Translation Manager, Trados Workbench and Star Transit, the world's leading CAT programs.

Translation Tools - Most of the tools on this page work in conjunction with TRADOS translation software!

WordSmith Tools - Lexical analysis software for data-driven learning and research.

Multilingual Writing Tools by Smart Link Corporation - English, Spanish, French, German and Russian language software for typing, spellchecking, dictionaries, OCR, Machine translation, text-to-speech, font and character set conversion utilities for Windows 95/98/NT/CE and Macintosh 7/8 OS's.

docConsult - Develops and distributes software and process-based solutions that help manage the translation of technical documentation.

Logoport - Web integrated translation memory tool.

Metatexis - Translation memory tool.

docConsult - Our product line / suite can save you a considerable amount of time in projects involving multi-language translation of PageMaker, InDesign and Quark XPress texts, while ensuring that formatting is preserved.

Computer Aided Translation Tools - A list of Computer Aided Translation tools.

Translation Aid Software - Four translation memory programs reviewed.

CATMT Mailing List - Hosts discussions regarding Computer Aided Translation and Machine Translation software.

Glossy - A solution for translators looking for a powerful and yet easy to use tool to speed up translation of Word, Text, RTF documents and Web pages.

MetaTexis Mailing List - Mailing list/Yahoo! Group for discussion of the MetaTexis translation memory tool.

CAT-software (Computer Aided Translation) comparison - Comparison of TransSuite 2000, Deja Vu and Trados.

MultiTrans Corpus Based Translation Tools - MultiCorpora's ideal toolbox for translators and large organizations who perform translation. It allows for the creation and management of multilingual terminology data banks and for quick language-paired reference documents lookups.

Chamblon Systems Inc - Developer natural language processing tools and solutions. TerminologyExtractor, a tool for extracting words and collocations from HTML, RTF, Microsoft Word documents and plain text files.

Xerox Terminology Suite - Automatic Multilingual or Monolingual Dictionary Creation and Sharing, Consistent Authoring and Comprehension Aid

DicoMaker - DicoMaker is terminology management software for Windows. It allows translators to manage multiple glossaries using text files rather than database files. Shareware.

TRANS Suite 2000 Align - The free dynamic aligning tool. You can build Translation Memories from previous translated documents, no matter in which file format they are. (RTF, Text, PowerPoint, WordPerfect, HTML) Alignment is exportable to almost any format (Trans Suite 2000, DejaVu, Trados, Access, Text).

SDLX - Interactive Translation Memory Tool - SDL's new Translation Memory tool borne out of the ideas and needs of our own in-house translators and our customers.

SDLX Mailing List - Devoted to the discussion of SDLX - the Translation Memory tool from SDL International

Translation Journal - Review of Atrils Déjà Vu 2, 'The Happy Hoarder' by Michael Benis.

DejaVu Information from Language Partners. - Welcome, Overview, What's New?, Customer Section, Online Support, Downloads, In The Press, User Comments, Requirements, Pricing, training, Purchase Online.

Déjà Vu - CAT (Computer Aided Translation) system, with a full-featured integrated translation environment with many additional features. It stores translations in a memory database and reads over source text. Product specifications, downloads, and contact details.

Deja Vu Tutorial - Importing an existing Trados Memory into Deja Vu.

Dejavu-L - Mailing list devoted to the discussion of the software.

Compressing Word Filter - Add-on Word import and export filter that creates smaller DVF files by compressing and decompressing pictures and object.

LexWare Translation Tools Web Site from Multiling - MultiLing has a strategic alliance with STAR, one of the largest translation companies in the world. We market the TRANSIT and TermStar product family -- products that have redefined the very meaning of computer-assisted translation.

STAR Software Products - Overview

TermStar -- Multilingual Terminology Management System - TermStar is a multilingual Terminology Management System for professionals which runs under Microsoft Windows. Its user-friendly design makes terminology work and retrieval a pleasure, while providing a variety of useful features that satisfy even the highest demands. TermStar can be customized to suit any purpose: From the foreign-language secretary to the professional terminologist; everybody with a professional interest in languages at any level will be able to enjoy the benefits of this superb system!

TRANSIT -- Computer-Aided Translation System - Transit is a very powerful Computer-Aided Translation System developed by taking advantage from the practical long-term experience of one of the largest and most competitive translation service groups in the world. The primary goal of Transit is to boost translation productivity by providing excellent translation-specific support, and fully compatible interfaces to most popular desktop publishing systems.

Transit_TermStar Mailing List - Technical discussion and help group for issues concerning Transit and TermStar.

ForeignDesk Open Source Initiative - Source and download web site.

ForeignDesk Open Source Initiative - Information on the Lionbridge web site.

IBM TranslationFamily - IBM TranslationFamily delivers three powerful translation tools. TranslationManager offers the way of effective translation, TransLexis is the Terminology Database based on DB2 and LMT, the fast reliable machine translation.

IBM TranslationManager - A computer-assisted translation system that automates repetitive tasks, freeing the professional translator to attend to the finer points of translation that require the judgement of an expert. TranslationManager helps accelerate turnaround time and save money in overall translation costs.

WordFast - Microsoft Word plug-in for the automation and verification of translation that builds a database of frequently translated phrases and sentences. Includes customizable glossary and typography checkers, and the ability to assign different rules to different projects.

Translation Journal article about WordFisher - An alternative to translation memory programs for freelance translators?

WordFisher for MS Word - A unique translation project management macro kit that can be used with all MS Word versions above version 6, including Word 2000.

Trados Online Support Centre - Knowledge base, FAQ, Online Help.

TW_Chat mailing list for Trados users - Chat and back-up list for TW_Users. Fewer subscribers, so lower volume of messages than TW_Users

TW_Users Mailing List - A forum for users of Trados Workbench and other Trados products (MultiTerm, WinAlign). A place to discuss your experiences with TW and to request help with any problems you may encounter. This mailing list has no connection whatsoever with Trados GmbH. It is entirely unofficial.

Cypresoft - Trans Suite 2000 - A CAT (Computer Aided Translation) tool which enables translators to deliver quality translations faster, more reliable and more consistent than ever before. It's not only one translation tool, but also a whole suite of tools that manages every aspect of translation business.

King Memo - A translation memory system for Windows and is designed for working with Word 97/2000 and html files. It consists of two parts: the main program (also called King Memo), and a collection of Word macros called Segment. King Memo allows you to create a glossary ( translation memory) from previously translated Word and html files and to perform a fuzzy search in that glossary. Segment can be used to create a glossary during the actual translation in Word.

Lisa: Translation Memory Exchange - TMX stands for Translation Memory eXchange. OSCAR (Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use) is the LISA Special Interest Group responsible for its definition. The purpose of TMX is to allow easier exchange of translation memory data between tools and/or translation vendors with little or no loss of critical data during the process.

What You Need To Know About Translation Memories

Advantages and Disadvantages of Translation Memory: A Cost/Benefit Analysis - Thesis by Lynn E. Webb.

Machine translation vs. translation memory - Following is a brief overview of the two technologies and an assessment of their usefulness in multilingual web-support systems.

CATMT Mailing List - Hosts discussions regarding Computer Aided Translation and Machine Translation software.

SALT: Standards-based Access service to multilingual Lexicons and Terminologies - SALT is a consortium of academic, government, association, and commercial groups in the U.S. and Europe who are working together on the task of testing, refining, and implementing a universal putting together format for the interchange of terminology databases and machine translation lexicons.

SALT technical website

OTF Tools - OpenFilter 1.00 - Set of tools and OpenTag filters, includes also LXFilter. ODKCheck 1.00 - DOS validator for ODK Filters interface. Java_OTF 1.00 - Java application to extract Java property files to OpenTag. Includes other functions such as word-count and verification.

Opentag.com - Dedicated to the information and the promotion of the OpenTag format as well as other utilities for localization and translation tasks.

iLanguage.com - Providing B2B translation and globalization services for eCommerce, news, finance, entertainment, sports, and other web sites in several languages.

Global 360 - Software Globalization Consulting and Training

MultiLingual Computing - Featured Organizations - Lists numerous organizations with detailed descriptions and archives of related content from the print edition.

Wholetree.com, Inc. - Provides the e-businesses with strategic solutions designed to help businesses, their customers, vendors, suppliers and employees around the world communicate with each other in their native languages via the Internet.

Inter-Locale - Globalization Engineering & Consulting Services

Xerox: Global Design - Consultancy. Provides a quality approach to to the development of internationally marketed products, as well as internationalization and globalization resources.

Basis Technology - Services - Globalization engineering services.

planetarySales.com - Specialized in Software Translation, Software Localization and Web Page Translation at affordable rates in 32 languages in Seattle, WA.

Logisoft Interactive - Logisoft is a full-spectrum e-business firm specializing in global e-commerce solutions in over 40 languages and currencies.

Language Partners International - Provides a product line that includes the best translation memory and localization tools for translators as well as automatic translation tools for large and small businesses.

SMART Communications - We specialize in software tools for simplification and globalization. MAXit Software, Controlled English, Simplified English, SMART Text Miner, SMART Translator, Six Sigma QA/QC.

SDL International - SDLX Translation Memory Tool, Webflow

OneRealm, Inc. - Internationalization tools for automating the i18n process.

Unionway - Multilingual windows software suite for Chinese, Japanese and Korean

Alis Technologies - Software globalization, internationalization library, linguistic toolkit, Alis Translation Solutions

AlphaSoft - Portable language software including dictionaries, vocabulary trainers and thesauruses for a number of European languages. Includes free demos.

LocSmith - A complete software localization environment for RC file.

Trados - TRADOS develops and markets tools for professional translators such as translation memory systems, terminology management software and text alignment systems.

WorldPoint - Pioneered a software solution for the seamless globalization of World Wide Web sites, electronic commerce sites, and corporate intranets. WorldPoint Passport is the industryfs only scaleable Web site globalization solution, allowing webmasters to design a site in one language and deploy it in many languages. The content creation and management software product includes seamless connectivity to a collaborative network of professional translators.

Uniscape - Developer of Global C, Global Checker for C++ and Java, Dialect and Net Dialect.

AIT Visual Localize - Software translation tool.

Resource Mining - Offers software localization tools that help expedite the localization process. Our products make translation easier but they do not perform any actual translation. These industrial strength tools have been used on hundreds of projects and over one million lines of code; they are guaranteed to expedite your localization effort.

Global Sight - Global Sight is a cutting edge multilingual web solutions company. Our mission is to provide high quality, market-driven multilingual and multicultural web solutions for companies striving to capture the global market. It is our highest priority to listen to our customers' needs and to exceed their expectations.

Zinc Software - C++ portability and internationalization tools.

Ultralingua Foreign Language Software - Producers of dictionaries, grammar software and other language resources for a number of languages. Available for Macintosh, Windows, and Palm.

AsiaSoft - Commercial site offering Japanese, Chinese and Korean fonts and software for Windows or Macintosh platforms.

Language Technology Solutions (LTS) - A business unit of Alis Technologies Inc., devoted to commercializing advanced tools and services in the field of language engineering and information technology.

Sail Labs - Innovation in Understanding - Offering linguistic, and content management services. Product specifications, solutions, services, press releases, Company overview and contact details.

TwinBridge Software Corporation - A Southern California company which designs and markets software that fulfills the unique need for including Asian languages in Windows applications.

Transparent Language - Develops and markets computer-aided language learning, foreign language reference and language translation products for the consumer, education, government and corporate markets

Lingua - For all the Worlds Languages - Lingua is a specialist supplier of Language Software, which enable you to work on your PC or Macintosh in any language or script. Our range includes word processing, desktop publishing (dtp), proofing tools, spelling checkers, translation software, and language learning software for PC (Windows 3.1/95/98 and Windows NT) and Apple Macintosh.

Arabtrans Localization Services - English/Arabic translation and localization of web sites, brochures, software, subtitles and all kinds of documents. Middle East markets research.

ForeignExchange Translations, Inc. - Localization and translation solutions in 24 languages to companies in regulated industries, incl. medical devices, automoative, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, financial services.

Akzent Language Engineering, S.L. - Software localization, web localization and technical translation company in Madrid, Spain.

ALS International - Full translation, localization and internationalization services.

Skandis Systems International, Inc. - Provides internationalization & localization products and services for the Asian & European software markets including translation, development, QA and maintenance services for multi-lingual web and software applications.

Bowne Global Solutions - Globalization, software localization, multimedia localization, technical translation, multilingual testing and globalization consulting services.

InterTrans - Software localization into multiple languages simultaneously.

Brossco Systems - Software and manuals localization services.

Eclectic Communications USA - Software localization, technical translations and international web site solutions.

Excel Translations - Provides translation and software localization services in any language.

International Software Localization Group, Inc. - Multilingual localization engineering and language translation services.

Eyron Software Group - Localizes software into Hebrew.

International Software Products - Cross platform software localization for Macintosh and Windows into the major European languages.

Kevrenn International - Localization services and multilingual publication.

Japantec - Japanese localization services. Written in Japanese and English.

Lengua - Software localization.

The Language Technology Center - Specialises in consultancy in language technology.

Lionbridge Technologies, Inc. - Provider of product localization services for software, hardware, documentation, marketing literature, and web-based information.

Locasoft - Translation and localization of software and documentation. Tools for leveraging and consistent translation.

Rubric - Software localization and technical translation services to the IT industry.

Salford Translations Ltd - Specializing in software localisation and in providing translations of user manuals across a range of European languages.

SDL International - Translation of software, multimedia and web site design.

SimulTrans localization services - Software localization, localization engineering and testing, internationalization engineering, translation, multilingual publishing, consulting, and training.

STAR - Software, translation, artwork, recording.

Alpha CRC Ltd - Software localization, technical translation and multimedia products. Based in Cambridge, UK.

AimTrans - Korean, Chinese, Japanese and European technical translation, full dtp to PS, PDF, film output, software resource, help, and html translation.

Foreign Ink Ltd - Specializes in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Thai translation, typesetting and software localization.

Alis Technologies Inc. - Translation software and products in Quebec, Canada.

Jubilee Tech International - Provides software and document localization, translation, desktop publishing, and multilingual website design services.

Translation Services and Documentation - Translation services, software and web site localization, multilingual documentation, internationalization, and interpreting services.

Software Internationalization Consulting - Consulting services ranging from software audits to large-scale internationalization projects.

Asia Translate - Translation and localization services in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.

DTB Online - Provides translation and localization services.

Berlitz GlobalNET - Provider of language related services for companies with a global audience.

Vertext - Specialized in technical translation and localization services into Italian.

Localizers.com - English/German localization and translation services for the software, hardware, communications and networking industries.

Arial Translations - Asian language translation services for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, double-byte software localizations. Asian language DTP and Linotronic output services.

EpiCentre - Software testing, localisation and technical support facility.

The Language Technology Center Ltd. - Provides software and web localisation, translation service and multilingual software.

InterPro Translation Solutions - Provides software and website localization, multilingual desktop publishing, and translation services in over 30 languages.

SunTrans - Hungarian translation, interpretation and web site localization.

TransLite - For those seeking to adapt their products and services to the Brazilian market.

Netrom Translation - Translation, localization and QA of computer related material from English, Danish and Swedish into native Norwegian.

Middle East Translation Services - English/Arabic translation and localization of web sites, brochures, manuals, and software. Translate legal and general documentation. Market research and analysis.

Atlas - Offers language, localization and communication services in the fields of internet, software, hardware, finance and international marketing.

Language Forum - Global translation company, specialized in globalization, localization of text, software, video and audio clips, multilingual translation and interpreting, marketing, PR, DTP, voice over.

Sakura Translation Service - Japanese / English / French localization and translation in a wide range of fields. Japanese web site translation.

Ficorp, Inc. Globalization Solutions - Software localization house that offers services for software and web page globalization.

MultiLing International, Inc. - A translation, localization, and language technology company based in the USA. Allied to the STAR group of translation companies.

Lingo Systems - Technical translation and localization services for international business. Simultaneous release of software and manuals into 42 languages.

Basis Technology - New England firm specializing in software internationalization and localization services and products for Asia.

Avalon Technologies - Specialized in localization consulting.

Cabinet Champollion - Features multilingual software localization and translation for the Windows, OS/2 and Macintosh platforms.

Access International - Provides international sales, marketing, localization and operations services.

Cedilla Globalisation Solutions - Consulting and project management services in the areas of internationalization and localization of software and marketing materials.

J&A Global - Internationalization (I18N) of Software Consulting and Localization (L10N) Services. Assists software developers to produce internationally acceptable products.

Localization Services For Baltics - Technical translation and localization of IT products and web content for Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian.

Advanced Language Translation - A translation and localization services company.

SinoMetrics International, Inc. - Provides globalization technology and solutions.

Satellite Station - Asian software/internet localization company.

Syntax Language Management Services - A Germany-based translation company specialized in translation of software programs, on-line help, users guides, web sites, computer games and multi media files.

GlobalVision - Specialists in Software and Internet Localization. GUI, Software, Online Help, Manuals, Web Sites, Marketing material, HTML to most European, South American, Asian and Mid-Eastern languages.

WordHouse localisation bv - Services include: software translation, editing, engineering, multilingual desktop publishing, technical documentation, web sites and art localization.

Sykes Enterprises - Helpdesk, outsourcing, software localization, translation, information development and technical writing.

Schofield & Partner - Translations into all languages - all speciality fields. Localization of large multi-language projects.

Transline International - Offers translation, localization and language communication services in all Western and Eastern European languages, their North and South American varieties and major languages of Asia and the Middle East.

LocalEyes Sverige - Specialists in translation of printed and online documentation into Swedish, but also performing Windows and Mac OS string translation and software localization.

Accurate Translation, Inc. - Web site translation and localization.

Multimedians Limited - Multimedia software development house based in Hong Kong. MUSE advanced digital language lab system. CTD2000 centralized transportation dispatch system for modern healthcare facilities.

Beijing Transco: Software localization & Translation - Provide a full set of services including Software localization, technical translation and software testing. We help you to localize your software to China marketplace.

DLG Software Services - Ssoftware QA engineering and localization services, with offices in Boston MA, and Dublin, Ireland.

Localizing Bot Messages in FrontPage 1.1 - Just copy smplstrs.txt to srvrstrs.txt. The program looks for the presence of srvrstrs.txt in the Microsoft FrontPage installation directory (default of Program files\Microsoft frotnpage on win95). You can put any strings you want in the srvrstrs.txt file and the bots will use them in their output.

HTML Goodies - From newbie to pro, this site has just about everything you need to use HTML effectively, and then some.

W3C Internationalization and Localization - The World Wide Web Consortium's Localization/Internationalization working group web pages.

Browsing the Alphabets of the World - Good introductory guide to the internationalization of HTML from Webmonkey.

HTML Unleashed. Internationalizing HTML - No book on HTML is complete without a section on the ways to overcome the pronounced Western bias in the language and to provide for its fruitful application in the worldwide multilingual environment. This chapter covers the main approaches to this problem, both those used by practicing webmasters all around the world and those devised by standard-setting bodies.

HTML 4.0 Specification - This specification defines the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), version 4.0, the publishing language of the World Wide Web. In addition to the text, multimedia, and hyperlink features of the previous versions of HTML, HTML 4.0 supports more multimedia options, scripting languages, style sheets, better printing facilities, and documents that are more accessible to users with disabilities. HTML 4.0 also takes great strides towards the internationalization of documents, with the goal of making the Web truly World Wide.

i18n: HTML Character Set Issues beyond HTML3.2 - Tutorial

Java Internationalization Tutorial - The lessons in this trail teach you how to internationalize Java applications. Internationalized applications are easy to tailor to the customs and languages of end users around the world.

Use J++ 6.0's Localization feature to take your applications global. - Brief tip from ZDNet TipZone.

Formatting numbers - ZDNet TipZone tip on how to use Java to specify number formats. (Useful for changing number formats for different locales).

Java@Work Parlez-Vous Java? (Web Techniques, Sep 2000) - Al Williams takes a look at resource bundles for supporting multiple languages.

Servlets.com Chapter 13 Examples from Java Servlet Programming - Hello to Spanish speakers, with the localized time, Hello to Japanese speakers, Sending localized output read from a file, A servlet version of the Rosetta Stone, A servlet version of the Tower of Babel, The hidden charset.

InstallAnywhere - A Java software installation tool. It allows developers to create one installer that can deploy your Java application to any Java enabled platform in up to 29 different languages. (Zero G Software, Inc.)

Java Live Internationalization - March 31, 1998 - The Java Live transcript from the session on internationalization from March 31, 1998 with KeJia Gao, Sean Jiang and Charles Wu.

Java Live Internationalization - May 06, 1997 - Java Live session transcript on Internationalization from May 06, 1997 with Brian Beck.

Articles: Internationalization and Localization - Table of Contents for articles and white papers, dealing with Java internationalization and localization, available through the Java Developer Connection.

Java I18N - Provides articles, demos, and best practice information for creating internationalized software.

Multilizer Java Edition - For Localization and Multilingual Programming: An compound of JavaBeans and tools for developing platform independent multilingual applications without extra programming. Free evaluation downloads. Demo applets available.

Java Internationalization and Localization Toolkit 2.0 - A toolkit for rapid Java applications internationalization and localization development. It will reduce significantly the cost and time for internationalization and localization development.

JDK 1.1 Internationalization - Allows the development of localizable applets. Enhancements include the display of UNICODE characters, a locale mechanism, localized message support, locale-sensitive date, time, time zone and number handling, collation services, character set converters, parameter formatting, and support for finding character/word/sentence boundaries.

Java Internationalization - Overview from Sun.

Bidi - Bidi-RichEdit Control for Java is a styled text editor which supports multiple languages, including English, Arabic and Hebrew.

Programming Product Review Send Java Around the World (Web Techniques, Sep 2000) - Sun Java Internationalization and Localization Toolkit 2.0, and Multilizer Java Edition Pro 2.0.

Creating a multilingual Scribble application with the MS Resource Localization Toolset - by Stefan Kuhr.

Internationalization Using Standard C++ - Article from C/C++ Users Journal, Sept. 1997

Chinese XML FAQ - FAQ about Chinese document encodings, and how they relate to XML. Also includes links and software.

Toshiba Advanced Systems - Large distributor and consultant for XML (and SGML) technologies. Good overview of all available tools that can handle Japanese encoded XML documents. [English and Japanese]

XML Francophone - French XML resource site with links to most french-related XML information.

Russian XML news and resources - Categorized XML news, articles, translations, collection of links for developers. In Russian language.

Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages - This document contains guidelines on the use of the Unicode Standard in conjunction with markup languages such as XML.

Russian Web Club - XML Resource site of the Russian web club - currently contains mostly links to well-known XML sites and tools outside Russia, but may soon have some cyrillic examples and sites as well.

XML Internationalization and Localization - The purpose of this book is twofold: First to describe what needs to be done to internationalize XML documents and applications; second to describe how the XML data can be localized efficiently.

DataDefinition Group/Discussion List - Localisation Clients and Vendors looking at standards together so that we can standardise on a Translation Object. Examining OPENTAG, TMX and other XML standards.

Components and Tools: Localization - Delphi Programming - Net Links - Localization tools for Delphi, from your About.com Guide.

Lingscape - Provides great looking and compelling tools to help create international software the easy way. MultLang Suite and Multi Language Designer is two of our key products to create international software with Delphi and C++Builder easier than ever.

MULTILIZER VCL Edition - Complete solution for RAD localization in any Borland Delphi and C++Builder environment

VB Language Manager Pro - Manages the localization process from start to finish. You maintain a single unmodified copy of original source code, and build localized versions in unlimited national languages. VBLM does everything but translate, and it even helps with that!

ResMe String Extractor - ResMe makes the first step of localization extremely simple because it automatically moves hard-coded user interface strings into a resource file. ResMe is a string extraction utility that removes only "the right strings" from your Visual Basic® source code, replaces them with a LoadResString() reference, and places the extracted strings in a .RES resource file. Many days of tedious, error prone work can be reduced to a few minutes of automated processing! While ResMe performs about 98% of the work, it is still necessary for a programmer to inspect which strings should and shouldn't be moved to the Resource file.

Localization Guru - A software tool for Visual Basic programmers that enables a application to support multiple languages.

Michael Kaplan- Author of Internationalization of Visual Basic - Will cover the issues of Internationalization and Localization of applications and components in Visual Basic. It will touch on all aspects of i18N/L10N/m18N, going beyond the obvious issues related to writing Internationally friendly components and making sure to delve into important issues with the localization process, working with databases, handling Internet components, helpful documentation, and HTML Help.

MULTILIZER Visual Basic Edition - is your complete solution for upgrading existing and adapting new VB applications to the international market place.

Internationalizing CGI Scripts - Imug Events (Presentation) - February 17, 2000, Andrea Vine (Sun Microsystems, Inc.) HTML has character set limitations which require planning and workarounds to produce a properly internationalized interface. Designers must consider that the server has limited knowledge of client preferences, and so must provide explicit information from the user interface. Learn about CGI strengths and weaknesses, problem areas in HTML, and ways to work around the quirks of a Web interface.

Paragon Software - HPC/PDA Software division - LE (Language Extenders) for Psion 5.

Welcome to Gingko - A Guide to Japanese Software for Psion Palmtops/Organizers.

Active Input Method Manager (AIMM) - Active Input Method Manager mirrors the Win32® Input Method Manager APIs to allow East Asian character input on non-East Asian versions of Microsoft® Windows® and Microsoft Windows NT® 4.0.

Design a Single Unicode App that Runs on Both Windows 98 and Windows 2000 - Microsoft Systems Journal Q&A

I18NdotNET Mailing List - List designed to act as an information sharing forum for people interested in .NET internationalization and localization issues.

Windows CE: International Glossaries - These glossaries provide international terminology for the individual use of specific terms in software development and localization.

Windows CE: International System Integrators - List of System Integrators outside North America

Japan Windows NT Users Group (JWNTUG)

Localization of Windows NT in Japan - This article briefly describes how to localize applications to the Japanese Windows NT environment.

Design a Single Unicode App that Runs on Both Windows 98 and Windows 2000 - Microsoft Systems Journal Q&A

Windows NT 5.0  Multilingual Capabilities - presented by Jim Turley, a Director of XA International.

International Support in Microsoft Windows 2000 - Since its initial design stages, Microsoft Windows NT has incorporated international support through the Unicode character encoding system APIs, which retrieve language-specific information and resource files that store user interface (UI) elements in multiple languages. Windows 2000, a world-ready operating system that supports more than 100 international locales, is the culmination of several years of progressive improvements in the operating system's international support. Each of the more than two dozen language editions of Windows 2000 will support the input and display of languages used in all 100 locales. Because all language editions are based on the same core code--the same API set, the same character encoding, the same fonts and character tables--it will be much easier to maintain multilingual networks and machines using Windows 2000 and to create applications that can easily support multilingual documents.

New Windows 2000 - FAQs on new language specific api's in Windows 2000

Supporting Multilanguage Text Layout and Complex Scripts with Windows NT 5.0 - Microsoft Systems Journal article.

Windows 2000 Multilanguage version - FAQs on the Windows 2000 Multilanguage versions, system requirements, release schedules and other information.

Multilingual Setup For Windows 2000 Pro - A step-by-step exploration of how to customize its Unicode-based language capabilities.

Multilingual Support in Windows 2000 - Single-binary architecture means the language you want is probably at your fingertips.

PowerGlot - Localization tool for MacOS compatible software

Apple and Macintosh Internationalization - Technical Notes related to MacOS internationalization.

International Macintosh Users Group - A forum for multilingual/multiscript computing. A group of users and designers of multilingual computer systems, located in Silicon Valley. If you want to use your computer in languages other than English, read on.

Apple International Glossaries - Translations for 1337 MacOS(TM) terms in 34 languages. For MacOS third party software developers and localization services.

Apple Localization Tools: Chihui - Description Input methods for use with the Chinese Macintosh System 6.05 and above. Allows pinyin input in phrase instead of single character.

Apple Localization Tools: FMAT Editor - This ResEdit editor lets you prepare localized number format descriptions that you can use in conjunction with the number formatting routines provided by the Macintosh Text Utilities. Using localized number format descriptions doesn't give you all the flexibility provided by the approach in "International Number Formatting" in Develop 16, but if you know that your application will only have to work with system software localized for the same language, it's usually adequate. And this ResEdit editor is certainly the nicest way to create the localized resources.

Apple Localization Tools: ScriptSwitcher - A simple control panel that switches the system script to any installed script system.

Apple Localization Tools: HC Stack Localization Navigator - Localization guide for HyperCard stacks. This tool navigates the user through the stack he is localizing, stopping at each field and button name which needs to be translated.

Apple Localization Tools: ShowDialogBoxes v2.1 - SDB allows you to display dialogs, alerts, and coolAlerts of your application. Requires an associated scriptfile which specifies the relationships between the text and the dialogs. Version 2.1 adds support for displaying coolAlerts under QuickDraw GX.

Apple Localization Tools: Verifier 1.0 - The Verifier is an Apple internal localization verification tool. It is used to catch localization problems such as corrupted CODE resources, and mismatched resource attribute bits. It is very customized to Apple's internal needs, but it may serve as a good example on the types of things to look out for when you localize your software.

Apple Localization Tools - Home FTP directory for Apple localization tools.

Setting up Macintosh Web browsers for multilingual and Unicode support - Instructions on setting up browsers to display multiple languages and Unicode characters.

Paragon Software - HPC/PDA Software division - HPC and PDA software, handwriting recognition technologies, international localizations.

Linux Internationalisation Initiative - An effort to make it easier for Linux application programmers to support all the world's languages

Alphabet Soup - The Internationalization of Linux

Solaris 7 - Overview of the globalization technology in Sun Microsystem's Solaris 7 Operating Environment.

Asian-Language Support in the Solaris Operating Environment - This paper is intended for developers who are interested in developing internationalized software for the Asian-language Solaris operating environment. The first section presents the benefits of internationalizing software in global markets, followed by an overview of the Solaris internationalization framework. The next section is an overview of Asian languages, specifically Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. The Technical Considerations section addresses the Asian-specific architecture, and the Common Development Issues section explains issues related to developing for multibyte applications. Finally, the product overview section provides specific information about Asian-language Solaris operating environment products.

Multilocale Installation Guide for the Solaris 2.6 Operating Environment - This document provides step-by-step instructions on installing multiple locales and languages onto a system running the Solaris 2.6 operating environment. Having multiple locales installed within a single system will allow you to view and edit documents created using different codesets.

Unicode Support in the Solaris 7 Operating Environment - This paper is intended for software developers interested in support for the Unicode standard in the SolarisTM 7 operating environment. It discusses the following topics: An overview of multilingual computing, and how Unicode and the internationalization framework in the Solaris 7 operating environment work together to achieve this aim; The Unicode standard and support for it within the Solaris operating environment; Unicode in the Solaris 7 Operating Environment; How developers can add Unicode support to their applications; Codeset conversions.

Creating Worldwide Software: Solaris International Developer's Guide - Sun's authoritative guide to developing software for international markets. Focuses on the linguistic and cultural differences that will make or break software products in international markets.

Computer Digest - Multilingual software for a hundred of languages.

Complex scripts - FAQs on complex scripts, contextual shaping, character reordering, diacritics and special justification and wordbreak rules for complex scripts.

Locales & language groups - FAQs on locales, language groups, system and user locales, codepage support and Unicode support

Yamada Language Guides - The Yamada WWW Language Guides are the definitive guide to language resources on the World Wide Web.

WWW Foreign Language Resources - This resource list, by no means comprehensive (hundreds of fresh WWW pages are appearing each month), aspires to lend starting points for mining the WWW for foreign language/culture specific resources. This is a "quality-only" index. In other words, we have sought to include only the best of the foreign language ("foreign" for native speakers of English) Web sites out of the many that exist.

Aim High - Provides translation software for a wide range of languages.

SALTMIL Mailing List - The ISCA Special Interest Group on Speech and Language Technology for Minority Languages.

EXTRAKT - EXTRAKT is the "Linguistic Engine" and the main product of TEXTEC. It carries out a (morpho-syntactic) analysis of different languages: English, French, German, Greek, Italian and Spanish.

Mason Integrated Technologies (MIT2) - A privately-held Massachusetts-registered corporation which specializes in the creation of localization and language processing software for lesser-supported languages (especially Creoles and Pidgins).

XA International - International Unicode and DBCS Software Engineering company. Translation and globalization for Asian languages.

MultiLingual Lisp HyperText Generation System - Using these Lisp libraries, you can program large documentations, write out to HTML and LaTeX, export translatable text into minimal tagged text files for easy handling by translators/proofreaders, and reimport the result into the hypertext structure.

Knowledge Ware Interactive - Software Development and IT Services Company in Bombay, India,sells multimedia educational software for pre-school/primary students with some modules incorporating Indian languages like Hindi, Marathi and Gujarati.

Softwolves Software - The home page of Softwolves Software, Peter Karlsson's 'alias' for software publishing. Help you translate your program from English or German into Swedish.

Free Hebrew Software for Unix - The list of free Hebrew software for Unix.

Chinese Software Superstore - Thousands of Chinese software titles. Whether you need translation, OCR, graphics, or to view webpages.

STAR SPB Ltd. - Offers technical translation into Russian, software research and development, multilingual terminology management, translation tools TRANSIT/TermStar, localization, publishing (DTP), web design and language engineering.

SovInformBureau: Russify Everything - Russian fonts, keyboard layouts, variety of platforms. Instructions on how to make software work with Cyrillic characters.

Fingertip Software - Fonts, software, and keyboards for multilingual computing. Cyrillic for computers.

KOI8-R - Russian Net Character Set - Detailed instruction of WWW, OS and applications Russification related to KOI8-R Russian code table. References to corresponding standards included. Interactive browsers checking. Cyrillic fonts available for download.

Notes on Russian: Overview - Covers some of the aspects of encoding issues.

Proxima Systems - WinForm 1.0 - prepare and print any forms. C++ Development. R-WIN 32 Cyrillic fonts and keyboard support for Windows. WinForm 1.0 - íàáîð è ïå÷àòü ëþáûõ áëàíêîâ. Ðàçðàáîòêà íà C++. R-WIN 32 - ðóñèôèêàòîð Windows.

Yamada Russian WWW guide - The Yamada WWW Language Guides are the definitive guide to language resources on the World Wide Web.

Yamada Russian Sign Language - The Yamada WWW Language Guides are the definitive guide to language resources on the World Wide Web.

Promt - (PROJECT MT)'s official server. PROMT company is the recognized leader in designing machine translation systems for the main European languages and author of the popular MT systems known as STYLUS, PROMT, Pocket PROMT, WebTranSite, WebView, Magic Gooddy. Company is involved in R&D activity in the fields of mathematical and applied linguistics and machine translation.

Russian Transletterator - Tyson Graaf's small freeware designed to help you quickly compose documents with Windows Russian fonts without installing drivers, etc.

Cyrillic (Russian) Instructions for Windows and Internet - Up-to-date tune-up of MS Windows Russian fonts and encoding, phonetic keyboard and its applications such as browsers and e-mail programs. Offers Unicode-related problems and solutions.

RussianEditor for western Windows - Russian language notepad editor with an on-screen keyboard for Western Windows PCs. Useful for Russian e-mails and Microsoft Office products. Conversion between ANSI and UNICODE.

Fontboard: Cyrillic for Western Windows - Type Russian or any other Slavic language with an easy-to-learn Cyrillic keyboard layout in Windows 95/98/ME or NT4/2000/XP.

Yamada Spanish WWW guide - The Yamada WWW Language Guides are the definitive guide to language resources on the World Wide Web.

Trans.Ar - Software localization and translation Services.Fast, precise and accurate.

NetSpanish.com - Translation software, word processor and accented characters. Spanish spell checker and word processor with Spanish accented characters.

Bangla Typer Software - mouse based typing software for Bangla - Bangla Typer Software is a mouse based typing software for Bangla. Type using only a mouse.Windows freeware (they require registration via email)

Lekho : A Bangla Unicode Editor - Plain text Unicode editor for bangla. Has a spellchecker, undo/redo, and exports to bangtex. It is based on the QT toolkit. Runs on X11 (linux,freeBSD,unix) and windows systems. GPLd.

Bangla Word Processor program - BanglaWord is specifically designed for writing Bengali documents. The keymap is phonetic, and so easier to remember.It supports 200 fonts. Commercial

Bengali Writer - Bengali Writer' is a set of utilities for editing and typesetting in Bangla. Provided are a set of fonts in several formats (METAFONT, BDF, PS), a text editor with spell-checking and export to LaTeX. Free, under GPL. Unix, Linux (X11 systems)

Ekushey - Free Bengali typing add-in for MSWord 97/2000/XP. Supports multiple keyboard layouts and bangla font types. Installs with 5 TTFs. Also allows automatic transliteration between Bangla & English, export to TEX. Windows. Open source under GPL.

Protiva Software - Developers of Lekhok a bangla word processor and Hateykhori, a bengali scripting software for children who would like to learn Bengali. Windows. Commercial

Resource Centre for Indian Language Technology Solutions, bangla - Contains downloads for a bangla TTF, a bangla editor, a bangla spell checker, bengali-english dictionary, printed bangla document images and bangla text corpus in electronic form

Bangla Penguin - Aims at making a bangla distribution of linux available. Current work on translating the gnome desktop on the RedHat distribution

TWiki . I18n . BengaliLanguage - Some links and information (mainly in the form of FDL'd documentation) on getting linux to display/use bangla. There is information about bangla Open Type fonts, and encoding bangla in unicode.

Bengali Software Digest - One page of links to other bengali software pages.

Tanmatra - Tanmatra mulitilingual software. Word processor for Bangla. Uses a phonetic transliteration input method

KickKeys :Transliteration Software. - Transliteration software for Bengali, Hindi, Tamil, Assamese, Belarusian, Russian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian in Cyrillic. Needs Microsoft Word or WordPad. Commercial. Windows.

Indian Language Software from Lingua - Executive is an add-on for Microsoft Word. It integrates with Word to allow the processing of multiple scripts in a single document. Complete range of characters in all languages (including the most complex Bengali conjuncts).

BengaliMail - Web-based Bengali Mail - Online interface. Allows you to send mail via a browser. Has both phonetic and 1-to-1 mapped keyboard layouts.

Bengali Writer - Mouse based bangla typing software. Windows

Free Bangla Fonts Project - This is a volunteer run project dedicated to creating free, completely Unicode compliant Open Type Bangla fonts. This project aims to be the central resource for getting and developing Free Bangla fonts. The site has several OT bangla fonts for free download under the GNU GPL

Shaheed's home page - Contains a font encoded as per iso10646. Also contains an encoding file for is13194-bengali which was used by previous versions of the font. There are plans for a GUI virtual keyboard to make entering Bengali and other languages which use keyboard mapping nicer.

Proshikha Computer Systems - This site has download links to Proshika's Shabda (word processor), Nirbhool (spell checker), Annaroup (text converter), and ProData (visual foxpro, bangla database) software. Windows. Commercial. (You need to download the software then buy the registration key)

Alpona 2.0 - Alpona keyboard Manager is a Unicode enabled Bangla keyboard manager. As planned it will have complete support for Bengali in Unicode under all 32-bit Windows including Windows XP, and will be supplied with various converters to change older bangla documents into Unicode. Planning phase software. Commercial. Windows.

BangSee - A bangla messenger software, that uses unicode and allows the user to mix both english and bangla in the same messenger window. The bangla input is romanized. There is a short FAQ dealing with romanisation isues. There is an add-in for MS word2000 which can help users making bangla html documents too. Commercial. Windows.

Bengali - Test for Unicode support in Web browsers - Test your Web browser and fonts for the ability to display the Unicode Bengali range of characters. Part of Alan Wood's Unicode Resources.Diagnostic page.

Unicode Bengali Code Chart - This is a page on the unicode consortium website containing the latest Bengali code point definitions in the unicode standard. Diagnostic page.

OpenBangSee - This is an open source version of BangSee. It provides free Phonetic Bangla codes for Bangla Community developed in Java and C/C++

Bangtex - This is a package for typesetting documents in Bangla using the Tex/Latex system. Freeware. Linux, Unix and Windows (needs Latex installed on the machine)

BWTI Homepage - Bengali TeX Interface. Enables one to compose documents in the bangla script using latex. Freeware. Unix,linux, windows. Needs Latex installed. Also see BengaliWriter

ITRANS - This is an Indic language print package that works as a pre-processor for TeX or PostScript. Freeware. UNIX/MS-DOS

Bangla Spell Checker Algorithm - This is a paper dealing with an algorithm for checking bangla spellings in scanned text (OCR). Pdf. Reference page.

Asha - This is a bangla typing program. It supports multiple keyboard layouts and switching between bangla and english typing modes. Commercial. Windows

Java Applet to write Bangla Unicode - This webpage has a java applet that runs in your browser window. It displays two text fields. The first allows you to enter romanised bangla the second displays the bangla converted to unicode. Online. Platform independent.

Bangla Linux - This project aims to provide guidelines and technology for developing Open Source Bangla applications under the GNU Linux OS

Bengali on Linux - This project aims to gather several subprojects aimed at developing input methods and applications supporting bangla on Linux. It also provides infra structure for people who want to translate documentation etc. to bangla.

Bornosoft - Commercial company developing Bornosoft - a transliteration based Bangla writing software.

Instant Messaging in Bangla - Software, howto, fonts available for instant messaging on Linux. This is a howto on the ilug-cal website.

Bspeller - A light weight text editor with a Bengali spell checker. The spell checker is based on GNU Aspell Library. This program is part of the Bengali dictionary project, and uses the word list provided by the project. Bspeller also has an unique feature of printing Bengali text files using OpenType fonts. This is a feature currently not available in most of the popular text editors, eg. gedit, kedit, etc. Linux. GPLd

Digital Bangla Project - The project aims to raise money to release a (currently) commerical bangla wordprocessing software into the public domain by selling 500 copies of it to donors.

Gaelic Software Digest - Links to all kinds of Gaelic language programs including dictionaries, spreadsheets, and desktop publishing applications.

Yamada Gaelic Languages Guide - The Yamada WWW Language Guides are the definitive guide to language resources on the World Wide Web.

NewTEQ Information Services Corporation - Specializes in the localization, globalization and testing of software, web, and related material (English to and from Chinese (Traditional and Simplified)).

CJK Dictionary Publishing Society - Provides high-quality CJK information consulting and information processing services.

Namazu - A full-text search system intended for easy use. Not only does it work as a small or medium scale web search engine, but also as a personal search system for email or other files.

Ken Lunde - Author of 'Understanding Japanese Information Processing' and 'CJKV Information Processing'.

Japanese Tools - Japanese code manipulation tools for Macintosh, MS-DOS and OS/2 including ANSI C source code.

Guide to Japanese Computing - Very good guide provided for students of the University of Washington's Technical Japanese Programme

Japan Inc. - Covering the rise of Internet-based business in Japan. Aims to tell the real story of Japan's move to a Net-based economy. The new magazine will bring you the latest news, information, interviews, and in-depth reports covering e-commerce and the Internet economy in Japan. (Includes articles on localization into Japanese).

Enabling Japanese under English OS/2 - Information about how to display and work with Japanese under English OS/2 Warp 3.0.

Japanese Typography - Extensive list of Japanese font vendors, tools, and free fonts.

How to Compile and Install Ghostscript with Japanese Kanji Fonts - A small tutorial on installing Ghostscript with Japanese fonts (Unix and Windows).

Localization: Focus on three major vendors - Japan has long been a net importer of software, making this one of the world's largest markets for software localization. Software developed overseas is invariably not written for native-speaking Japanese users and consequently, Japanese subsidiaries of foreign software companies have had to develop in-depth expertise in localizing their products, an essential requirement for expanding local market share. Below, we present the results of our most recent localization survey, and then focus on how Microsoft, SAP, and Network Associates bring their products to market.

XML Japanese Profile - This W3C note addresses the issues of using Japanese characters in XML documents. In particular, ambiguities in converting existing Japanese charsets to Unicode are clearly pointed out.

Japanese Encoding Methods - About.com article and guide to Japanese Encoding Methods.

Destination Japan: Internationalization of the Lycos Search Engine - Tina Lieu (Basis) and Jeff Vander Clute's (Lycos) presentation from the 14th Annual Unicode Conference in Boston, March 1999 (PowerPoint Format).

Bilingual Windows95 Notes - Tutorial on using English and Japanese on Windows95.

Japanese Email Software - An in-depth, detailed feature comparison of email software programs capable of handling Japanese, to help you determine the one that is best for you.

The Japanese Version of Windows NT - This page is aimed to introduce the Japanization of Windows NT including its history, input methods and viewing Japanese on the web.

Japanisation FAQ for computers running Western Windows - This FAQ is primarily concerned with detailing what is available, not with how to actually operate the software. Explaining how to use the software is the responsibility of the various software vendors. Specifically, this FAQ currently covers 32-bit Windows-based systems (95, 98, NT) with English as the main language. Some of the information may be applicable to other versions or language editions of Windows.

JWPce - A stand-alone Japanese word processor including access to various Japanese-English dictionaries. It runs on Windows95, 98, NT, 2000 and WindowsCE. Binaries and source-code are freely available under the GPL.

Digital powerhouse - provides global clients with e-business strategies and creative executions. We specialize in globalization and localization of corporate and e-commerce sites with superior market-specific strategies and executions. Most recently, we lead Japan initiatives for a Silicon Valley-based e-commerce venture. As part of strategy development, we conduct market research and trend analysis, and identify insights into a particular market.

DoubleBytes - The company specializes in the localization of games and web sites into Japanese.

Computer Institute of Japan - CIJ is an independent software company that has been providing quality services with its wealth of software development experience since 1976. Our headquarters are located in Yokohama, Japan.

CIJ America - Computer Institute of Japan, Ltd. (CIJ) is an independent software company providing quality service since 1976. CIJ provides service in all aspects of software development and sales such as software localization, manual translation and publishing, advertisement media creation, sales and user support. CIJ's wealth of expertise from years of software management within the Japanese market, allows us to provide unrivaled integration of all of our services within the United StatesB

FreeBSD Ports: Japanese - An extensive list of ported software for the Japanese market for FreeBSD Unix.

Japanese on NetBSD - This document discusses how to get Japanese working on a NetBSD/mac68k Unix system.

Linux-Nihongo - This document explains the configuration of Japanese support under Linux with the goal of eventually configuring an internationalized Linux system.

UniFEP - A Japanese environment for Symbian OS (EPOC) ER5 devices.(Psion Revo and 5mx)

Psion Software - Japanese Software for series 3, 5 and 5mx.

EPOC Freeware - Provides an email client (XJMail), text editor (JMemo), input method (KEdit), and other software to fully Japanize Psion Series 5 handheld devices.

Japanese on the iPAQ - Instructions on how to add Japanese functionality to a iPAQ running western WinCE.

Jfilter - Japanese character code conversion filter procedures in Scheme.

Jcode - Japanese Charset Handler - Jcode.pm is a Perl module that handles various Japanese charsets including Unicode (UCS2 and UTF8) and mime headers.

Japanese Text Processing Utilities - C source code for the manipulation of Japanese Unicode strings and characters, encoding conversion and an i/o utility.

MacJPerl - MacJPerl is a version of Perl for the Macintosh which can use Japanese characters and has a Japanese or English user interface.

Tcl/Tk 8.0 Japanization Patch - This is a patch to support Japanese character encodings (jis, sjis, euc-jp), fonts, kanji string handling and input methods (kinput and xim) in Tcl/Tk 8.0 for Unix and Windows.

Kconv for Python - A kanji code conversion library for Python.

Multilingualized Squeak - Support for Western European languages (Latin-1) and Japanese (JIS X0208) in Squeak Smalltalk.

Perl, MacPerl and MacJPerl - An article on using MacPerl and its Japanized version MacJPerl.

EB Library - A UNIX C library for accessing EB, EBG, EBXA, EBXA-C, and EPWING electronic books. These formats are popular in Japan.

Perl Modules - Modules for handling SJIS encoded Japanese strings. There is also a module to sort UTF-8 encoded strings according to JIS X-4061.

Kconv for Perl - A kanji code conversion module implemented with XS.

Compiling Jcode.pm on Windows 2000 - Introduction to the Perl module Jcode.pm and its compilation on Windows 2000.

Nihongo Computing - A publicly accessible mailing list for anyone who is interested in designing, implementing, studying, evaluating, criticizing, teaching, learning, simply using, and/or discussing Japanese-language capability on computers, from personal to enterprise systems for a variety of uses.

Infocom Honyaku - A mailing list for translators between Japanese and English in the fields of computers, electronics and telecommunications.

Tokyo Linux Users Group - English list not only about general Linux issues. There are a lot of discussions about using Japanese on Linux.

ChaSen - A morphological parser for the Japanese language.

Japan Electronic Dictionary Research Institute - The EDR Electronic Dictionary was developed for advanced processing of natural language by computers, and is composed of eleven sub-dictionaries. Sub-dictionaries include a concept dictionary, word dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, etc.

Japanese Dictation Toolkit - Free software repository for automatic speech recognition, sponsored by IPA (Information-technology Promotion Agency), Japan.

IPAL - The "IPA Lexicon of the Japanese language for computers" contains basic nouns, verbs and adjectives.

Juman - An extensible morphological parser for Japanese running on Windows and Unix.

Kakasi - Kanji Kana Simple Inverter - A language processing filter to convert kanji characters to hiragana, katakana or alphabetic characters (romaji). It may be helpful to read Japanese documents.

MSLR Parser - The Morphological and Syntactic LR parser is a tool for the syntactic and morphological analysis of Japanese.

KanjiPad - A Unix program which does Japanese handwriting recognition. It uses the GTK toolkit for a GUI and Todd David Rudicks's algorithms from JavaDict for kanji recognition.

Simple Kana to Kanji Conversion Program (SKK) - A Japanese input method for Emacs.

Introduction to Japanese Input Systems - An introduction to Kana-kanji input systems.

Wnn - An introduction to the free Wnn 4.2 and proprietary Wnn 6 kana-kanji input methods for Unix.

Microsoft Global IME - Input method for Internet Explorer, Outlook, and Word 2000 on Windows 95, 98, and NT 4.

Japanese Notepad - Japanese editor for those who use Microsoft Windows Simplified Chinese Edition, and want to input Japanese characters including kana and kanji.

Chinese XML FAQ - FAQ about Chinese document encodings, and how they relate to XML. Also includes links and software.

The Complete Guide to Chinese Language Computing - A complete guide to using Chinese on computers, including displaying, inputting, and processing Chinese text.

On-line Chinese Tools - Java and CGI tools to help people learn and use Chinese.

Yamada Chinese WWW guide - The Yamada WWW Language Guides are the definitive guide to language resources on the World Wide Web.

The Software Localization Union of China

ISIS Korea, Inc. - Software Localization and Testing, System Management Solution (Tivoli), Technical Translation, DTP, Website Translation. Joint Venture of IBM Korea. LISA member.

Prolangs Co. Ltd. - Professional linguistic and software localization services

Urdu Safah Saaz - Desk Top Publisher for Urdu, beautiful fonts; support english too.

Urdu 98 - Use urdu font in windows applications, including making web pages in Urdu font; works only with the IExplorer.

IXA Group for Natural Language Processing - Research activities on Natural Language Processing being carried on at the Computer Science Faculty of the Basque Country University.

UZEI - Non-profit-making organisation, working in projects for natural language processing and research in applied linguistics. Deeply involved in modern systems for reporting the various lines of applied research in linguistics, including new technologies from the fields of computer science and telecommunications.

EIZIE Basque Translators' Association - Multilingual site, including a directory of Basque translators.

Ametzagaina Taldea - R&D group, member of the Basque Technologic Network, working on some projects related to natural language processing (Transparence) and information retrieval systems (Kapsula).

Yamada Language Center: Basque WWW guide - The Yamada WWW Language Guides are the definitive guide to language resources on the World Wide Web.

ItzuL - ItzuL(ist), the e-mail list for Basque translators.

Basque Software Digest - Desktop publishing, education software, input software, operating systems, translation software.

CodeSyntax - Creative I18N & L10N - A start-up company located in the Basque Country, dedicated to making the Internet a truly global experience through internationalization and localization services.

Elhuyar - Science organisation, devoted to software localisation (Microsoft Office 2000, Microsoft Windows 95 and Microsoft Word 6.0).

Macintosh Center (Thailand)

Thai Macintosh Resources

Mozilla i18n & L10n Guidelines

Introduction to Software Localization (L10N) and Internationalization (I18N) - This page is a signpost. It shows you the many roads leading to knowledge of localization.

Localization 101: Internationalization - It is assumed here that the reader has had little exposure to the process of preparing products for foreign markets. Therefore, this introduction describes a number of basic concepts.

Accent on Internationalization - This informative guide to product internationalization explores the ways you can develop your software, on-line help systems, documentation and audio that will make localization as straight-forward as possible.

Internationalization of Web Sites. - Site Builder Network Magazine article by Tapani Tuominen on internationalizing web sites.

International Addresses - Links and resources for postal code and international address and address format data.

Java(tm) I18N Tutorial for Linux - This is a tutorial on Java(tm) Internationalization with special emphasis on Linux.

Official Guidelines for User Interface Developers and Designers: Special Design Considerations: Localization - Online book on the Microsoft site: An indispensable guide to designing software that runs with the Microsoft Windows operating system. The design of your software's interface, more than anything else, affects how a user experiences your product. This guide promotes good interface design and visual and functional consistency within and across Windows-based applications.

What is internationalization?

Microsoft: Global Software Development - Keyboard Layouts - Keyboard layouts for multilingual computing

SBN Server: International Active Server Pages - International Active Server Pages: Author Seth Pollack offers tips on constructing your Web site to reach beyond the English-speaking community.

Facets of Software Localization: A Translator's View - Introductory guide to software localization

Localization Tutorial (Download) - A brief introduction to the most fundamental aspects of software localization.

LISA (Localisation Industry Standards Association) FAQ

How Wide a World? Localizing Web Sites - Site Builder Network Magazine article by Amy Burns on localizing Web sites.

Beyond Language, Beyond Borders: Localization - Localization: Introduction to a vibrant, dynamic new industry.

Creating a multilingual Scribble application with the MS Resource Localization Toolset - by Stefan Kuhr.

Localization: Essential for Competing in the Global Market Place - Introductory article about localization.

Localization Notes for Software Developers - A look at some more complex issues involved in the localization process. An SDL International article.

Supplying Assets for Documentation Localization - A guide to preparing documentation assets for localization. An SDL International article.

What is Localization? - An SDL International Article - A basic look at the processes and pitfalls involved in localization.

What is Localization?

SimulTrans Localization Seminar, June 1998: Localizing Multimedia - In June, the SimulTrans Localization Seminar Series featured two speakers, Glyn O'Leary, Managing Directory of SimulTrans' Dublin subsidiary, and Pat Wylie, Localization Manager for Humongous Entertainment in Washington.

LPI NewsFax - On-line newsletter from Language Partners International

Graduate Diploma/Master of Science in Software Localisation - University of Limerick, Ireland

Localization QA Interactive Training - DLGfs interactive software localization training product provides a self-paced learning medium for those who need to know how to perform localization tasks on a day-to-day basis. Its modular format enables the user to quickly master the basic concepts behind software localization.

Reports in the Localize For Profit Series - How-To Add Localization Business to a Translation Agency (Price: 5.00 Irish Punts); How-To Localize Help Files for Microsoft Windows (Price 95.00 Irish Punts. Mail exam including certification 50.00 Irish Punts); How-To Localize Software for Microsoft Windows (Soon Available); The Use of Translation Tools in Localization (Soon Available)

Global 360 - Software Globalization Consulting and Training

LISA Education Initiative Taskforce (LEIT) - Comprised of educators and professionals in the localization industry. LEIT has been charged by the Localisation Industry Standards Association with evaluating the present state of education in localization and related fields, making recommendations as to where industry could support further efforts in education, and providing information and resources to support educational endeavors. This website contains LEIT information on localization education around the world. It is the only site of its sort in the world.

Web of Culture - Education - Offers a series of courses to web design students at a number of Silicon Valley colleges and universities.

ACC Globalization, Localization, Internationalization - Austin Community College's Globalization / Internationalization / Localization studies site. Information about the courses we are planning to offer and contact information.

Silicon Valley Localization Forum Courseware - TGP Consulting now offers Courseware material that covers such topics as Developing Software for an International Audience; Testing International and Localized Software; Writing International Software Documentation; Selecting a Localization Vendor; Translation Technology and Tools

ETP's Localisation-specific Structured Project Management Workshop - Spread over three days the workshop provides you with the skills to consistently deliver successful multiple projects in the Localisation Industry.

GlobeMark Certification Programs - Industry standard programs for website globalization certification for corporate sites and ebusiness professionals.

Universite de Quebec a Hull (UQAH) - DESS in localization - The degree is comparable to a masters without the thesis requirement. (Web page in French)

Globalization.com Courses for translators and localizers - Desktop Publishing courses, Language Engineering Courses, Software Internationalization Courses, Software Localization Courses, Translation and Interpreting Courses.

CLP -Certified Localisation Professional - Addresses the urgent need to convert today's graduate skill's shortage into tomorrow's vocational training opportunity in one of the fastest growing and most dynamic sectors within the information Technology Industry the Localisation industry in Ireland. This project will establish an accreditation system for the software localisation industry.

European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT) - An organization that serves the growing community of people interested in MT and translation tools, including users, developers, and researchers of this increasingly viable technology. The EAMT is one of three regional associations of the International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT), which counts a increasing number of members worldwide. The EAMT is the only organization of its kind in Europe.

Links on Machine Translation (MT) - Links on Machine Translation (MT)

EAMT's MT-List Home Page - A mailing list for the discussion of translation technology related topics.

Enterprise Translation Server - Enterprise Translation Server enables a network to translate web pages, e-mail communications and internal documents to and from English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese

Machine Translation, SystranPRO, and Localization - Artificial Intelligence - 01/18/98 - A review of SystranPRO (Japanese/English) in the context of machine translation and localization, from your About.com Guide.

Natural Language Translation Specialist Group - Part of the British Computer Society.

HowStuffWorks: How Universal Translators Will Work - ViA, a wearable computer maker, has developed an Earth-based language translator. In this article, we will look at the device itself and how it turns English into any one of almost a dozen languages.

Quality Issues in Internationalization (I18N) and Localization (L10N) - Authors: E.Uren, R.Howard and Tiziana Perinotti; Publisher: The LISA Forum Newsletter, Volume III Number 3, August 1994

The Localization Process: Globalizing Your Code and Localizing Your Site: Quality Assurance - MSDN Online article on globalizing code and localizing Web sites. Quality assurance section.

Courseware Sample: A Few Basic Rules for Testers of English Intfl Software and Localized Versions

LISA QA Model - Provides guidelines and metrics for localization quality. The documentation and templates help clients and their service providers implement a synchronized QA system at multiple production sites. All registered users are published by LISA to familiarize more localizers with the model and to increase networking. The result of localization professionals working together to influence the industry with standards, tools and quality procedures. The original guidelines are updated to include the Japanese, Korean, and Chinese markets, along with revised templates.

Silicon Valley Localization Forum Publications List - Lists the latest publications on Int'l Business, Marketing, Advertising as well as Int'l Development for Solaris, Windows/NT and MacIntosh.

John Benjamins - Academic publishing program in linguistics, psychology, literary studies, translation studies, philosophy, art and art history.

CJKV Information Processing - The guide which tackles difficult issues faced when dealing with complex Asian languages in the context of computing or Internet services.

Understanding Japanese Information Processing - Now out of print. Superceded by 'CJKV Information Processing'.

Practical Guide to Localization - Written for translators, localization and testing engineers, desktop publishers, project managers, and anyone who are involved in the release of multilingual products.

Internationalization with Visual Basic - Covers the issues of Internationalization and Localization of applications and components in Visual Basic. Touches on all aspects of i18N/L10N/m18N.

How to Build a Successful International Web Site - Mark Bishop, Published: 1998, ISBN: 1576101584

Software Internationalization and Localization - Gives software developers a vendor-independent overview of what steps can be taken to make software easy to use by people in different cultures.

Tackling a Daunting Task (Web Techniques, Sep 2000) - Eugene Eric Kim tackles on a task that's not all too dauntingreviewing "Unicode: A Primer".

International Programming for Microsoft Windows - Essential guidelines for globalizing and localizing Windows-based programs, including examples in Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0. (Published 12th April 2000)

Global Source Book for Address Data Management - Contains over 1000 pages of data pertaining to address and postal systems in 239 countries and territories, and it has become the de facto sourcebook for companies handling data from more than one country. Concentrates on address and postal issues, it also describes in detail for many countries topics such as personal name formats, forms of address, languages spoken and address casing rules.

A Practical Guide to Software Localization - Contains chapters on translating software, on-line help and documentation, memory tools, project management, and terminology management. (Published 1998 - updated and revised version of 'A Practical Guide to Localization').

Creating Worldwide Software: Solaris International Developer's Guide - Focuses on the linguistic and cultural differences that will make or break software products in international markets. ISBN: 0134944933 Published 07/1997

XML Internationalization and Localization - The purpose of this book is twofold: First to describe what needs to be done to internationalize XML documents and applications; second to describe how the XML data can be localized efficiently.

Developing International Software For Windows 95 and Windows NT - The whole of the book on-line from the MSDN Library.

Language International - The magazine for language professionals

MultiLingual Computing, Inc. - Multilingual Information Resource on the internet, with information about internationalization, I18N, globalization, localization tools, language news, and translation services. (From the publishers of Multilingual Computing and Communication).

Translation Journal - Quarterly translator publication.

J@pan Inc. - Covering the rise of Internet-based business in Japan. Aims to tell the real story of Japan's move to a Net-based economy. The new magazine will bring you the latest news, information, interviews, and in-depth reports covering e-commerce and the Internet economy in Japan. (Includes articles on localization into Japanese).

LISA Events 1999 - LISA's forums and conferences for 1999.

9th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW9) - The Web: The Next Generation - Will be held on May 15-19, 2000 in Amsterdam, the capital of The Netherlands. Leaders from industry, academia, and government will present the latest developments in Web technology, and discuss the issues and challenges facing the Web community as it moves into the 21st Century.

NYSIA Globalization SIG - The internationalization and globalization of e-commerce and websites is an integral part of e-business, most e-business companies are working towards a globalized product line or website. In today's fast paced e-commerce oriented market, internationalization (translation and engineering) of these sites are essential to reach all language users. This first panel discussion will bring internationalization experts from Berlitz-GlobalNET and SDL together to discuss their experiences in developing solutions for localized websites.

Sixteenth International Unicode Conference - Unicode and the Web ... The Global Connection; March 27-30, 2000 in Amsterdam, Holland

The LISA Global Strategies Summit - A targeted audience of decision-makers who will examine B2B from all perspectives including up-to-date analyses of the global market and its growth potential, how to implement a global strategy according to your company size, resources and timetable and how the B2B Internet model is changing the way corporations develop new business and support clients while ensuring a global corporate brand.

Fourteenth International Unicode Conference - Addressed topics ranging from Unicode use in the World Wide Web and in corporate and government intranets and databases, to the latest developments with Java. March 22-25, 1999 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Globalisation Management Strategies Conference - Conference and leadership training for internationalization, localization, and globalization management. Topics include global teamwork, technology, business, process issues, marketing, internationalization, localization, intercultural issues. May 17-18, 1999, Monterey, CA.

Fifteenth International Unicode Conference - Will address topics ranging from Unicode use in the World Wide Web and in corporate and government Intranets and databases, to the latest developments with Java and XML. Conference attendees will include managers, software engineers, systems analysts, and product marketing personnel responsible for the development of software supporting Unicode as well as those involved in all aspects of the globalization of software and the Internet. August 30 to September 2, 1999 in San Jose, California.

XTRA Translation Services - Glossary - Glossary of industry terms.

Mozilla i18n & L10n Definitions - Internationalization (a.k.a. Globalization, a.k.a. Enabling); Localization; Localizability; i18n; L10n; L12y; Locale; Resource; Core product

Internationalization Glossary - IBM international software researchers have developed a set of terms that help define the key issues associated with software internationalization.

Microsoft's Global Software Development Glossary - Partially reproduced with permission from Developing International Software, published by Microsoft Press.

Glossary of terms for Supporting Multilanguage Text Layout and Complex Scripts with Windows NT 5.0

Glocalization: Easier Said Than Done - As the U.K.'s Lastminute.com discovered, executing a "glocal" strategy is costly, complex and full of surprises.

Global Online Marketing Center - Here you will find articles, press releases, forums, advertisements, etc. from our the Global Reach web site:

The Standard: The Challenge of Going Global - Internet companies are learning that if they're thinking globally, they'd better be acting locally.

Bill's Guide to Web Localization For Rookies - Provides a fundamental and easy-to-understand explanation of the concepts involved in localization.

W3C Internationalization and Localization - Modern business, research, and interpersonal communication is conducted in many writing systems and languages. The W3C tries to make sure that WWW technology meets the needs of the global community.

Forrester - JIT Web Localization - European corporations have pioneered Web localization. Using adaptive strategies that Forrester calls just-in-time (JIT) Web localization, they will punch through the crumbling borders of nation-states in the euro zone. (Paying Report)

L&H Whitepaper: - This document provides clear, concise guidelines on how to create graphics, code structure, and tools in a way that will ease and streamline the localization of your Web content - no matter what language it's being translated into.

WorldWise - Resource center for e-business globalization. It contains extensive analysis and advice, best practice case studies, and business planning tools.

Web of Culture - Gateway to effective website globalization for multicultural understanding and global customer service efforts online. Evaluate and certify corporate websites; Offer tools and resources to improve online globalization; Examine and certify globalization skill sets of industry professionals.

Going Global (Web Techniques, Sep 2000) - As the Web becomes truly world wide, site developers will need to address multilingual and cross-cultural issues. Howard sorts out the concepts of internationalization and localization, and explains how they relate to your company's future.

Web Workshop - Localizing Web sites - MSDN Online article by Amy Burns on localizing Web sites.

Speaking in Charsets (Web Techniques, Sep 2000) - Creating Japanese Web pages presents its own unique set of challenges. John guides you through the quagmire of character sets, encodings, glyphs, and other mysterious elements of written language.

Web Authoring FAQ - The Web Design Group's Web Authoring FAQ addresses frequently asked questions related to HTML, images, style sheets, and other Web authoring issues, including internationalization.

Culturally Correct Site Design (Web Techniques, Sep 2000) - When it comes to adapting an existing Web site for a new audience, learn from the successes of big-name players. Olin leads the way.

Is Globalization Right for You? (Web Techniques, Sep 2000) - With all this talk of the challenges of globalization and internationalization, Sandy Tapper wonders, is it worth the trouble?

Close to Home (Web Techniques, Sep 2000) - Editor in Chief Amit Asaravala recommends that before you think globally, make sure your business is sound locally.

Globalizing Your Code and Localizing Your Site - "Oh, What a Tangled Web We Wove" was the title of an article we saw years ago about how complicated and large the Web had become. (Sjoert Ebben and Gwyneth Marshall Microsoft Corporation - April 21, 1999)

Designing Your ASP-based Web Site to Support Globalization -- MSDN Magazine, July 2000 - If you have a Web site for your business, you already have an international presence. But how can you make sure users in any country can access your site effectively?

It's All Greek to Me

Designing a Globalized and Localizable Web Site

How Wide a World? Localizing Web Sites

Taking A Global View: Localizing for the Web - The localization experience of Microsoft's Web site.

Key Considerations When Preparing for Web Localization - Web globalization suggest considerable opportunities - but this also can present significant difficulties, especially where Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and other technical aspects of Web development are concerned.

Export booster - Website translation and consulting services.

How to make your Web site literally worldwide - Article from Austin Business Journal

The Internet is not printed on paper - An article discussing the tendency of web page data input forms to be fixed, culturally biassed and unsuitable for a global audience (PDF document).

Web Globalization Resources - Byte Level provides a number of informative articles for Web site globalization.

Beyond Borders: Web Globalization Strategies - This is the official site for the first book on Web site globalization, "Beyond Borders: Web Globalization Strategies." (New Riders 2002)

RWS Group - Is an ISO 9002 translation and localization company with four decades of experience and offices worldwide.

SDLWebFLow - A suite of software applications designed to manage web content in multiple languages from SDL International.

Passport - WorldPoint Passport is the industryfs only scaleable Web site globalization solution, allowing webmasters to design a site in one language and deploy it in many languages.

SSI WebGlobalization - WebGlobalization comprises client and server applications that track users content changes and automatically detects translation requirements. Customers' multi-lingual site content is stored in databases online for fast delta recognition and translation functionality.

Glides Inc. - Multilingual content management system for mid-market range.

WorldServer - Idiom WorldServer works hand-in-hand with existing Web architecture to enable ongoing management of Web globalization. WorldServer is available through a centrally-hosted ASP model.

WebPlexer - A combination of integrated software modules and customizable translation services that work together to simplify the development, operation, translation and maintenance of a multilingual Web site.

Locale Tracker - An essential tool for every eBusiness! Find out WHERE your hits are coming from and the primary language of shoppers and other visitors.

Locale Recognizer - Automatically switch to the correct locale and language for your shoppers! Provide the correct links, language, currency and shipping options for a customized GLOBALIZED E-Commerce solution.

Locale Exchanger - Simplify building and maintaining localized web pages. Use this powerful mechanism that allows you to take out localizable strings from your code and put them into a plain text file, ready for translation.

T.A.L.K. - Semi-automatic system that reduces the time and cost for expert localization of web pages.

Apache module mod_mime - This module is used to determine various bits of "meta information" about documents. This information relates to the content of the document and is returned to the browser or used in content-negotiation within the server. In addition, a "handler" can be set for a document, which determines how the document will be processed within the server. The directives AddCharset, AddEncoding, AddHandler, AddLanguage and AddType are all used to map file extensions onto the meta-information for that file. Respectively they set the character set, content-encoding, handler, content-language, and MIME-type (content-type) of documents. The directive TypesConfig is used to specify a file which also maps extensions onto MIME types. The directives ForceType and SetHandler are used to associated all the files in a given location (e.g., a particular directory) onto a particular MIME type or handler.

Jigsaw 2.0.4 - A public release, made on January the 21th, 2000 - New features includes Charset support.

Chinese Domain Name Consortium - Established on May 2000 in Beijing by four NICs. As an independent non-profit organization, CDNC will mainly take in charge of the coordination and regulation about Chinese domain name around the world.

Domain Name Translation - A service by Alldomains.com domain registrar. Human translation of the English domain name to other languages.

ICANN Internationalized Domain Names Internal Working Group - established by ICANN to identify the various internationalization efforts and the issues they raise, to engage in dialogue with technical experts and other participants in these efforts, and to make appropriate recommendations to the Board.

ICANN Public Comments Forum on Internationalized Domain Names - Established for comments and discussion about the introduction of internationalized domain names.

i-Email.net - messaging solutions provider offering multilingual e-mail addresses in over 50 languages.

Internationalized Domain Names IETF Working Group - The IDN working group is tasked with specifying the requirements for internationalized domain names and proposing a standards track protocol based on the requirements.

Multilingual Internet Names Consortium - A non-profit, non-governmental, international organization focuses on the promotion of multilingualisation of Internet names, including Internet domain names and keywords, internationalization of Internet names standards and protocols.

NativeNames - California based company accpeting registrars for multilingual domain names in Arabic, Urdu, Farsi and Cyrillic languages. Fully Multilingual domains with its own Top Level Domains and DNS service.

Network Solutions Global - Registering Multilingual domain names in 350 languages. Including a faq section .

Unicode Domain Names - A multilingual domain names registration center providing Chinese, Japanese and Korean domain names.

VeriSign Internationalized Domain Name Testbed - Overview of the Verisign testbed for IDNs, technical informations and customer support. A tool for converting an internationalized domain name to its RACE version that is stored in their whois database is available.

i-DNS.net International - Multilingual internet technology and solutions provider. Different services and products for the registry, registrar and registrant.

Internationalized Domain Name Certified Registrars - List by locations. From VeriSign website.

Chinese Domain Names - Provides Chinese website address registration.

Neteka Inc. - providing several registries with Multilingual Domain Naming Solutions.

Outstanding.com - multilingual domain name registration service.

Farsi Domain - provides the service of multilingual domain registration for Farsi/Persian speaking market.

Arabic Internet Names Consortium - Coordinate the efforts of various national and regional initiatives, through an international forum and platform.

VeriSign IDN - VeriSign's informational website on IDNs issues.

Ascio Technologies IDN - Domain resellers service for IDNs.

IMAP4 Language Extension - Working draft extension to the IMAP4 (RFC2060) standard

IMAP Sort Extension - Working draft extension to the IMAP4 (RFC2060) standard

Internationalization of FTP - Working draft for the internationalization of FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

ISO639 - ISO639:1988 spec for the representation (two-letter) of names of languages

RFC1345 - Character Mnemonics & Character Sets

RFC1456 - Conventions for Encoding the Vietnamese Language

RFC1468 - Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages

RFC1554 - ISO-2022-JP-2: Multilingual Extension of ISO-2022-JP

RFC1555 - Hebrew Character Encoding for Internet Messages

RFC1557 - Korean Character Encoding for Internet Messages

RFC1766 - Tags for the Identification of Languages

RFC1815 - Character Sets ISO-10646 and ISO-10646-J-1

RFC1842 - ASCII Printable Characters-Based Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages

RFC1843 - HZ - A Data Format for Exchanging Files of Arbitrarily Mixed Chinese and ASCII characters

RFC1922 - Chinese Character Encoding for Internet Messages

RFC1947 - Greek Character Encoding for Electronic Mail Messages

RFC2068 - Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1

RFC2070 - Internationalization of the Hypertext Markup Language

RFC2152 - A Mail-Safe Transformation Format of ISO 10646

RFC2231 - MIME Parameter Value and Encoded Word Extensions: Character Sets, Languages, and Continuations

RFC2237 - Japanese Character Encoding for Internet Messages

RFC2253 - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (v3): UTF-8 String Representation of Distinguished Names

RFC2278 - IANA Charset Registration Procedures

RFC2279 - UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646

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