Science - Astronomy - History History of Astronomy - This is the "official" history of astronomy page on the web. It is an extensive resource to the field. Harmonia Macrocosmica by Andreas Cellarius - Atlas of the heavens as seen by the astronomers of the time of its 1661 printing: Copernicus, Ptolemy, Brahe, and Aratus. Entire book has been digitized and the images may be browsed or searched. History and Philosophy of Western Astronomy - The History chapter of an introductory astronomy course. Jewish Astronomy, from ancient to modern times - Astronomy in Israel: from Og's Circle to the Wise Observatory. The Àryabhatíya of Àryabhata - The oldest exact astronomic constant? The ratio of earth rotations to lunar orbits in Aryabhata's AD 498 writing. Astronomy in Japan - Historical and modern Japanese astronomy, and its place in Japanese culture The Star of Bethlehem - An investigation of the science and history which bear on the mysterious star said to have accompanied the advent of Christ. Northern California History of Astronomy Luncheon and Discussion Association - Announcements of discussions (in Oakland, California), open to the public, on various astronomy history topics, and an archive of past discussions Rundetaarn (The Round Tower) - Astronomy in Denmark: Brahe, Roemer, Hertzsprung. Hindu Cosmological Time Cycles - An accurate calendar and the progenitor of the sexagesimal (base 60) "degree, minutes, seconds" measurement system. History of Astronomy in Ancient India - Eclipse calculation, heliocentric theory, size of the world. History of Astronomy Pages - Frederik Kaiser (1808-1872) and the professionalisation of Dutch astronomy; The "Lost Letters" of J.C. Kapteyn (1851-1922); Many history of astronomy and history of science links with a Dutch flavour. Islamic Astronomy - Ancient astronomy preserved and improved by the Islamic empire. Historical Astronomy Division - American Astronomical Society division devoted to history, with a link to pages on the history of the society itself. A Brief SETI Chronology - A timeline of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, from Morrison and Coconni to SETI@home. A Science Odyssey - Physics and Astronomy - PBS articles about 20th century astronomy and physics. Electronic Newsletter for the History of Astronomy - Complete archive and subscription information. Biennial History of Astronomy Conferences - Workshops at Notre Dame, papers presented, abstracts, group pictures of attendees. From Stargazers to Starships - Tutorial/historical exposition of the motion of Earth in space, Newtonian mechanics and spaceflight, on a high school level. The Babylonian Theory of the Planets - A substantial look at the subject, and a review of N. M. Swerdlow's book. Astronomy in Sweden 1860-1940 - From the Uppsala University Newsletter for History of Science. The Manchester Astronomical Society History - The first hundred years, list of presidents, list of archived documents. Atlas Celeste - A rare celestial atlas discovered in the library of the Manchester Astronomical Society. Russell A. Hulse - Nobel Lecture - The discovery of the binary pulsar. The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation - Robert Woodrow Wilson Nobel Lecture. Historiacoelestis - Yahoo group moderated by Stuart Williams, F.R.A.S. Arabic Astronomy Before Islam - Some Babylonian and Greek background, then pre-Islamic astronomy on the Arabian peninsula. This Month in the History of Astronomy - Short descriptions of important discoveries, events, and birthdays sorted by month. Digital Archive of Historical Astronomy Pictures - Images from the history of astronomy, old telescopes, pictures of astronomers, observatories. Linda Hall Library - An exhibit of 15th through 19th century celestial atlases, and an exhibit of pictures of the moon from Galileo to Apollo. Some great folks in the History of Astronomy - From Hicetas of Syracuse to Jocelyn Bell, with a dozen in between, people the author thinks should have the Nobel Prize. Astronomical References in the Rubaiyât of Omar Khayyam - Excerpts and commentary with reproductions of some of Elihu Vedder's illustrations. HASTRO-L - Archive of the History of Astronomy Discussion Group, the mailing list for scholars in this field. Tycho's Star Maps - Celestial atlases and globes on exhibit at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. The Society For The History Of Astronomy - Academic and popular topics, with a focus on Britain. X-ray Astronomy at Goddard - Describes observations using balloons, rockets and satellites. Understanding Tidal Friction - Article by Peter Brosche on gaining understanding of changes in the Moon's orbit. Big Ear Radio Observatory - Radio astronomy and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Starry Messenger - Phase I of the Electronic History of Astronomy, developed in the Whipple Museum of the History of Science at Trinity College, Cambridge. Covers the history of instruments and techniques, themes such as astrology and calendar reform, and biographies of major historical astronomers. Little Green Men, White Dwarfs or Pulsars? - A personal account by Jocelyn Bell Burnell on the discovery of pulsars. History of SETI - An overview of the history of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. As the World Turned - History of sun-centered astronomy, includes original work of Galileo, Copernicus, others The Copernican Revolution - A timeline with links. Flat Earth Historical Thinking - History of the belief that the earth is flat. The Galileo Project - Observing Terrace - Comprehensive and detailed information on the astronomical work of Galileo and his contemporaries, from Rice University. Inventing the Solar System - Early Greek scientists struggle to explain how the heavens move. The Shapley - Curtis Debate in 1920 - The "great debate" about the scale of the universe and the nature of spiral nebulae. Construction of Cosmology - When and how physical cosmology became a science. Cosmology - A timeline from 1576 (infinite universe) to 1980 (inflationary Big Bang). Cosmology since 1900 - A timeline with links. History and Philosophy of Twentieth Century Cosmology - Paper presented at an Italian national conference in 1996, with references. Thomas Aquinas and Big Bang Cosmology - The development of theological implications of scientific work on origin of the universe. Christianity and the Mathematical Sciences - the Heliocentric Hypothesis - Religious influences on Copernicus, Galileo, Brahe and Kepler. History of Cosmology - A history of our conceptions of the universe from ancient origin myths to the frontiers of modern science. UC Berkeley course syllabus and lecture notes. The Copernican Revolution - Brief historical chronology of the development and acceptance of heliocentricity. History of Cosmology - An overview from the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. World Cosmology Histories - Different world viewpoints on cosmology through history. Sir Robert Ball (1840-1913) Victorian Astronomer - Detailed biographical information of British astronomer and lecturer. People in the History of Astronomy - Short biographies of Pythagoras, Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Halley, Einstein, and Hawking. The Bruce Medalists - Brief biographies, photos, and links to winners of this annual award for lifetime contributions to astronomy. History of Astronomy: Persons - Catalogue of biographical links covering hundreds prominent astronomers, past and present. [Also in German] Hodierna's Deep Sky Observations - Catalogue of Giovanni Batista Hodierna's (1597-1660) long forgotten observations; detailed information about each object. So Who Is this Challis Bloke Anyway? - Short description of Professor James Challis, the almost-discoverer of Neptune. Holders of the Post of British Astronomer Royal - Notable achievements and timelines of Flamsteed, Halley, Bradley, Bliss, Maskelyne, Pond, Airy, Christie, Dyson, H.S. Jones, and Wooley (covering 1675 to 1971). Links to Astronomer Biographies - Short biographies of Argelander, Bürgel, Cassini, Celsius, Encke, Fermat, Goodricke, Huygens, and Scheiner written by Jens Dengler. [Also in German] BBC Space - Space People - Comprehensive who's who list and brief biographies of significant astronomers. Jean Houzeau in Jamaica - Detailed biography of Belgian astronomer, Jean Charles Houzeau (1820-1888) Christiaan Huygens - Short biography of Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695). Women in Astronomy, 1880-1920 - Biographical information of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin and other Harvard women. Includes photographs and links. Charles Messier - Highly detailed biography including links to his full catalogue of 110 objects. History of Astronomy - Short biographies of several less well known British astronomers. The Noble Dane: Images of Tycho Brahe - An exhibition at the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler - Short biographies. Lecture notes from the course "Galileo and Einstein". Tychonides - With timeline, historical information and further content in Swedish. Tycho Brahe - official website - About his life and scientific work. Presented by the city of Landskrona. Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove of Scientific Biography: Brahe, Tycho - Short article with references. Tycho Brahe - About his achievements, life and world system. From the Swedish society Tycho Brahes Glada Vänner. Brahe, Tycho - Link collection, mainly biographies. Neft's AstroScientific Tycho Brahe Homepage - Lifehood and his list of bad luck days known as "Tycho Brahian" days. NCAR Sun Education: Tycho Brahe - Article about the work of the astronomer, and images. Rundetaarn: Tycho Brahe - Concise timeline of his life and accomplishments. The Galileo Project: Tycho Brahe - Bibliographical essay. MacTutor History of Mathematics: Tycho Brahe - Short article of his life and work. Carl Sagan Memorial Book - Includes contributions from around the world (hosted by the Federation of American Scientists). Carlsagan.com - Official page with articles, including the Baloney Detection Kit. Includes sale of books and videos. The Planetary Society: Tribute to Carl Sagan - Tribute includes career highlights, posts held and links. Also, links to numerous individual tributes from Society members and site visitors. Even in Death, Carl Sagan's Influence Is Still Cosmic - Discusses Sagan's influence on space exploration, especially at NASA. Article by William J. Broad for the New York Times. Carl Sagan - First Sceptic, Then Astronomer - Tribute written by Horst Sommer. Discusses Sagan's achievements, and his role as a "speaker for Earth". Carl Sagan: An Appreciation - Detailed discussion of his work and materialist outlook, and includes a focus on his attitude to Trotsky. Written by Joseph Bradshaw for the World Socialist Web Site. In Memory of Carl Sagan - Three articles from Skeptic magazine, written by Tom McDonough, James Randi, and Michael Shermer. Also includes transcriptions of Sagan's comments on a number of topics. Carl Sagan, Cornell Astronomer, Dies Today - Media release from Cornell University, Sagan's final employer. Biographical information and a list of major awards received. Contact: A Eulogy to Carl Sagan - Ray Bohlin critiques Sagan's novel, Contact, from a Christian perspective and describes the inconsistencies he sees. CSICOP News - In Memory of Carl Sagan - Obituary describing Sagan's major achievements, and focusing on his skeptical views. Includes short Real Audio message. The Books and Ideas of Carl Sagan - John William Schmidt discusses Sagan's work, especially The Demon-Haunted World and Contact. Carl Sagan's Religion of Science - Essay by Scott Detwiler on the religious implications of Sagan's scientific world view as expressed in his writings. Candle in the Dark - Personal tribute by Jon A. Morse, originally published in Astronomy Magazine. Dr. Carl Sagan - Profile offers biographical information, a bibliography, and related links. My Personal Tribute to Dr. Carl Sagan - A site dedicated to the memory of Dr. Carl Sagan. Includes pictures of Sagan's gravesite. Edwin Hubble - Informative, well designed site includes biography, quotes, images (from Hubble Space Telescope), timeline of published works, and links. Nicolas Copernicus - A short biography (1473-1543). Nicolaus Copernicus - Discovered that the Earth is not in the center of the Universe but it circles the Sun. Facts of life and pictures of the Polish astronomer. Top-Biography.com: Nicolaus Copernicus - Relates the story of the painter, astronomer, physician, and mathematician who developed the heliocentric theory. Also includes timeline and quotations. Nicolaus Copernicus - Detailed biography examines Copernicus' dissatisfaction with the Ptolemaic system of astronomy and his theory that the earth actually revolved around the sun. Also includes portrait. MSN Learning & Research Plus: Copernicus, Nicolaus - Encyclopedia article provides an overview of the astronomer's early life, his education, and his revolutionary theory that the earth was not the center of the universe. Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Autobiography - Fairly detailed and personal account of his life and work. Includes bibliography of major monographs. (From the Nobel e-Museum) The Life of a 'Luminous' Star: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar - Highly detailed biography describing his contributions to understanding of stellar evolution. (By Julie Noonan) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar - Fairly detailed biography from NASA KIDS. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar - Brief biography including six photographs, summary of awards, and other references. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar - Concise biography from the National Academy of Sciences. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910-1995 - Brief obituary and photograph (from NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day). Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan - Brief biography and details of his scientific animosity with Eddington. (Author: Eric W. Weisstein) Giovanni Cassini - Brief information about the life of Cassini (1625-1712) and his discoveries. Giovanni Domenico Cassini - Short biography of Giovanni Domenico Cassini by Jens Dengler. Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel Biography - Short but informative biography by The Astronomical League. Herschel Museum - Description of the museum at 19 New King Street, Bath (18th century residence of William and Caroline Herschel) William Herschel's catalog of Deep Sky objects - Various links to online versions Herschel's catalogue plus some biographical links. More Kepler, by Michael Fowler - Part two of a biography, discussing Kepler's investigations of planetary motion and gravity. Johannes Kepler - A short biography. Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler - Short biographies. Astronomy History - Johannes Kepler - Brief biography highlighting his status as a defender of Copernicus and a formulator of planetary-motion laws. Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630) - Encyclopedia entry provides a brief biography of this German astronomer and mathematician. Johannes Kepler - Includes detailed biography, online links, outlines of some of his works, quotes, and reading list. Starry Messenger: Johannes Kepler - Biography, and information on Kepler's mathematical techniques, poetry, and interest in astrology. From the Whipple Museum of the History of Science. The Galileo Project - Comprehensive and detailed information on the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) from Rice University. Galileo: Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina - Galileo's great defense of the independence of science from religious authority. Galileo and Einstein - A lecture course by Michael Fowler of the University of Virginia: History of Astronomy from ancient Greece to Relativity. Galileo Galilei Quizzes - Test your knowledge of Galileo's life and work. Galileo Galilei - Biography, with links to related internet sites. Galileo and Einstein - A resource for a University of Virginia physics course, with lecture notes. Multimedia Catalogue - Room IV Galileo Galilei - Virtual tour and descriptions of Galilean artifacts on display at the History of Science Museum, Florence, Italy. Includes biographical links and notes. Trial of Galileo Galilei - A collection of primary documents, essays, ancient texts, maps, photos, paintings and other materials relating to the trial in 1633. The Life and Work of Galileo (1564-1642) - A detailed account of Galileo's early influences and summary of important events in his efforts to prove heliocentricity. Galileo Galilei´s Notes on Motion - High resolution scans of "Manuscript 72" pertaining to the theorems on motion published in the Discorsi. Galileo Galilei - Astronomy Rebel With a Cause - Concise biography. BBC Online: Galileo - In-depth look at Galileo's life and his significance. Adler Planetarium - History - Collection of instruments, past exhibitions, history department information. The Antique Telescope Society - Historical documents, galleries and information on maintaining and restoring old telescopes. The Astrolabe - Ancient astronomical computer. Birr Castle Demesne - Astronomy and Telescopes - Lord Rosse's telescope, for many years the worlds largest. Caltech Astronomy - History - The telescopes at Mt. Wilson and Palomar. Smithsonian Magazine - "Stars in Their Eyes" - The exquisite telescopes crafted by Alvan Clark and his sons helped make the last half of the 19th century a golden age of astronomy. Churches as Scientific Instruments - Solar observatories built into 17th and 18th century cathedrals. Sir Martin Ryle - Nobel Lecture - Radio telescopes of large resolving power. 36 Years Ago - An essay with photographs on the construction of the Arecibo radio telescope. Important Astronomers, their Instruments and Discoveries - From the merket to the reflecting telescope in three pages. Virtual Museum of Measuring Engines - The history of modern astronomical measurement, emphasis on instruments. The Airy Transit Circle - Describes the modernization of the Greenwich Observatory. From the BBC History series. The 28-inch Photo-visual Refractor - Exhibition from the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, that explains the history of this telescope via words and archive photographs. Asteroid Discovery Circumstances - For each minor planet: Where and when found, and by whom. Neptune and Pluto - Mathematical discovery of planets Orbits and Gravitation - The development of the mathematics of planetary motion. The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery - On-line version of the book by William Sheehan. The Struggles to Find the Ninth Planet - A paper by Clyde Tombaugh relating his discovery of Pluto. Exploring the Moon - Timeline of Lunar exploration. Exploring The Planets-Discovery - The five known in antiquity, three more since the telescope, and Ceres. Solar Astronomy - A timeline. Solar System Astronomy - A timeline. Notes on Sunspot Observations - John Winthrop's 1739 notes, from the collected papers of Fredrick Kilgour. Neptune's Discovery - Article in Astronomy Magazine. Is Mars Habitable? - A. R. Wallace's 1907 critique of Lowell's Book "Mars and Its Canals" Armagh Observatory History and Architecture - Instuments, astronomers, a list of original sources archived. Dudley Observatory - Library, archives, outreach programs. History of the Leander J. McCormick Observatory - Early astronomy at the University of Virginia. Vatican Observatory History - From calendar reform in 1582 to modern telescopes in Arizona The1882 Transit of Venus - Simon Newcomb's expedition to Wellington, South Africa. The American Transit of Venus Expeditions of 1882 - Abstract of an oral presentation at the 1996 AAS meeting. Lecture 26: How Far the Sun? - From an introductory astronomy course, describes expeditions which observed the 18th century transits. No. 1303: Transit of Venus - Transcript of a radio show describing 18th century expeditions. Link to the audio. The Transit of Venus - The observation of the transit of Venus in 1874 Transits, Travels and Tribulations - Description of and index to a series of articles about the 18th century transits of Venus. netmation.com | netmation.net | netmation.org | netmation.tv Copyright © 1991-2005 Netmation Inc. All Rights ReservedSite Designed and Hosted by Netmation Inc.