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Science - Social Sciences - Language and Linguistics
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Sign Language Studies - Includes topics of interests such as linguistics, anthropology, semiotics, deaf culture, deaf history and literature. Provides browsing of archive. Free sample issue available.

Linguistic Enterprises: Private Sector Employment for Linguists - A job-search site for linguists seeking employment in the private sector.

Applied Linguistics Virtual Library

Corpus Linguistics - Links to corpora, software, papers, bibliographies and additional sites.

Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics - The Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics exists to provide training and research opportunities in such areas as linguistics, language and culture learning, language assessment and development, literacy and Bible translation, and to equip students with the skills to train and serve others.

The LINGUIST List - Web site for the LINGUIST mailing list: professional communication and networking for the world-wide community of linguists.

Center for Applied Linguistics - CAL carries out a wide range of activities including research, teacher education, analysis and dissemination of information, design and development of instructional materials, technical assistance, conference planning, program evaluation, and policy analysis.

The sci.lang FAQ - Answers to frequently asked questions about dialects, languages and their relationships, linguistics, and phonetic systems.

American Association for Applied Linguistics - Information on the executive committee, application for membership, awards, job register, and upcoming conferences.

Lexicon of Linguistics - Searchable database of linguistic terminology updated with many new terms in the areas of Generative Grammar (Minimalism) and Phonetics. Includes bibliography.

What is Applied Linguistics? - An introduction to the area, and to UCLA's linguistics program.

Linguasphere - Devoted to exploration of our global linguistic environment with extracts from the Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities.

AILA Internation Association of Applied Linguistics - International association of applied linguistics. The site contains membership information, its publications (available online) and links to its scientific commissions that organize activities and disseminate information on specific applied linguistic disciplines.

Linguistic Exploration - Multidimensional exploration of online linguistic databases.

Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition-University of Minnesota. - Supports a number of coordinated programs of research, training, development, and dissemination of information related to second language teaching, learning and assessment.

Introduction to Linguistics - Linguistics for Beginners is a multimedia, interactive introduction to the subject. You will find all major topics of current linguistic studies examined here.

Jyväskylä Virtual Library - Applied Linguistics - Multilingual collection of links and articles.

Fields of Linguistics - A collection of articles which outline the various areas of specialization in linguistics.

Language Acquisition- Mama Teached Me Talk - How we learn language.

Stewardship Project - Listings of international geographical names, orthography and transcription with commentaries on language.

ESLResearcher.org - A site for those doing research into the acquisition of English as a second language. Includes conference listings and calls for papers, job postings, discussion lists, message board for researchers, and links to ESL graduate programs.

Museum of Human Language - Virtual museum with columns. Definition of a language, linguistics, and language function.

Applied Linguistics Association of Australia - Membership and publication, plus the e-mail list APPLIX, available to anyone interested in the area of applied linguistics.

The Linguistics Project - Interdisciplinary, international, internet-community on language and linguistics.

Issues in Applied Linguistics - Refereed journal managed, edited and published by graduate students of the UCLA Department of Applied Linguistics.

Alliance Linguistics Directory - The leading Linguistics websites catalogued by experts from Oxford, Stanford and Yale Universities.

Books on Second Language Writing - Information on books on second language writing edited by Tony Silva and Paul Kei Matsuda.

Linguistic Data Consortium - Sharing of linguistic data, tools and standards resources.

Second Language Writing Research Network Forum - Website designed to provide resources for teachers and researchers of second language writing and to facilitate the exchange of information. Links to professional resources for second language writing teachers and researchers.

Binnick's Linguistic Bibliography - Annotated bibliography of tense, verbal aspect, aktionsart and related areas.

Sounds of the World's Animals - How animal sounds are represented in various languages.

Language and Linguistics - Essays on language and linguistics and links to related materials.

Magical Letter Page - Site regarding phonosemantics, the meaning of sound.

Maledicta Press - Specializes in negatively-valued words and expressions from all languages and cultures, focussing on the origin, etymology, meaning, use and influence of verbal aggression and abuse of any kind.

Phonological Atlas of North America - Results of a telephone survey of the major urbanized areas of the U.S. and Canada.

Britann's Language Center - A collection of links with resources to over 70 well-known languages including brief descriptions of the major subfields in Linguistics.

Say... - Text-to-speech translator which also reads ASCII representations of the IPA.

Itzalist Language Directory - Search engine and compendium of resources on language education, text translators, dictionaries, alphabets and other related resources.

The CMU Pronouncing Dictionary - Machine-readable pronunciation dictionary for North American English that contains over 100,000 words and their transcriptions.

The Homepage of Integrational Linguistics - A specific approach to linguistics combining a comprehensive theory of language and a theory of grammars.

Linguistics and Phonetics Worldwide - Virtual library of linguistics and phonetics.

Language Exploration - Basic concepts, definition of "ethnolinguistics." From Maricopa Community College.

Speech on the Web - Links to pages related to phonetics and speech sciences.

At-turjuman - Translation and interlingual communication abstracts, articles and research papers.

Contrasted Phonology of English and Portuguese Vowels - English, Portuguese, and Spanish vowels are discussed, and possible errors of Portuguese-speaking students of English are examined.

Institute of Linguists - Professional credentialing body and member organization for linguists, translators and interpreters in the United Kingdom. Linguist database, magazine, forum, and global language news.

Speech Accent Archive - Archive of foreign accents recorded in English. Phonetic transcriptions and phonological generalizations are provided.

NAJIT - National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators - A non-profit organization dedicated to the furtherance of the court interpreting and legal translation profession.

Vowels and Consonants - Collection of sound and speech examples of hundreds of languages and dialects. [by Peter Ladefoged, UCLA]

ITI - Institute of Translation & Interpreting - Based in the UK, the ITI is a professional organization with the aim of promoting quality in the field of translation and interpretation.

Acoustics of the vowel - Experiments concerning the physical characteristics of vowels: formants and pitches (F0), formant pattern ambiguity, formant number alteration. Important for all sciences related to speech, acoutsic phonetics, speech therapy and speech recognition.

NCTA - Northern California Translators Association - An association for professional translators and interpreters in Northern California area. Searchable directory and online newsletter "Translorial"

Virtual Language Laboratory - Online language laboratory providing pronunciation practice and accent correction in a number of languages.

ATIA - Association of Translators and Interpreters of Alberta, Canada

Speech Internet Dictionary - Comprehensive dictionary of terms used in phonetics and linguistics

ATIO - Association of Translators and Interpreters of Ontario

Sound examples from the dissertation - Dissertation of Matthias Jilka on "The Contribution of Intonation to the Perception of Foreign Accent" [Postscript and PDF]

AUSIT - Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators - general information and online newsletter

Analytic Listening: A New Approach to Ear-Training - Paper on a method for ear-training and auditory skill assessment of students of phonetics.

JAT - Japan Association of Translators - An organization for professional Japanese to English translators around the world.

Auditory scales of frequency representation - Overview of conversion equations and suggestions as to when it is appropriate to use Hz, semi-tones, mel, bark, and ERB.

ATA - American Translators Association - Publication, local groups, calendar, FAQ and membership information for the ATA.

The Kiel Intonation Modell (KIM) - Paper on "The Kiel Intonation Model (KIM), its Implementation in TTS Synthesis and its Application to the Study of Spontaneous Speech."

ASTTS and DZTPS - Slovenia - Association of Scientific and Technical Translators of Slovenia or Drutvo Znanstvenih in Tehnikih Prevajalcev Slovenije

Categorical Perception - Experiment on Categorical Perception

EIZIE - Association of Translators, Correctors, and Interpreters of Basque Language - Translators directory, a searchable catalogue of all published Basque translations, on-line translation journal, news, useful tools and links.

Vowel Charts - Acoustic vowel charts of various languages [by Antti Iivonen, University of Helsinki Department of Phonetics]

ITA - Irish Translators' Association - Cumann Aistritheoirí na h-Éireann (Irish) provides Information and online list of members

The Rhythmic Speech Museum - Concerns rhythm in speech.

NATI - Nebraska Association for Translators and Interpreters - Forum for professional languages service. Organization and site provides meeting calendar, links and resources, annual conference, newsletter, workshops, scholarships and additional membership benefits.

Four Tones and Downtrend - Preliminary report on pitch realization in Mambila, a language with four level tones.

NCATA Translators and Interpreters Directory - National Capital Area Chapter of the American Translators Association provides searchable online members directory, newsletters, news and events, resources and links.

Linguistic Annotation - Tools and formats for speech and text annotation

Israel Translators Association - Information resource for translators and clients. Consumer advice, browse members' listings, and seek or post translation projects.

Prosody on the Web - Introduction to prosody, including chunking, focus, and pitch.

AIIC - International Association of Conference Interpreters - Represents professional conference interpreters worldwide and is a major stakeholder in the international language industry.

Studying Phonetics on the Net - List of categorized links concerning the study of spoken English.

AATIA - Austin Area Translators and Interpreters Association - Represents translators and interpreters who live and work in Central Texas and further afield.

Speech Web Sites - Variety of links to mainly acoustics-related sites.

APTIA - Association of Professional Translators and Interpreters in Aquitaine - Association of freelance translators and interpreters.

Teaching English Intonation with a Visual Display of Fundamental Frequency - Paper on the use of fundamental frequency displays for teaching English intonation. [by Richard Stibbard]

ALTA - American Literary Translators Association - Provides essential services to literary translators from all languages and a professional formum for the exchange of ideas on the art and craft of translation.

The SpeechDat Project - Database of recordings of speech in various languages.

Interp.net - professional conference interpreters - Network who can help you find professional conference interpreters.

Rutgers Optimality Archive - Contributed-content index of Optimality Theory information. Searchable or browseable data, submission and update forms, font and utility downloads, links to other collections.

WITS - Washington State Court Interpreters and Translators Society - Serves court interpreters and translators in Washington State through newsletters, resources, links, committees, and continued education.

Audiufon - Collection of audio phonetic demonstrations, including Daniel Jones' cardinal vowel productions. [Universiteit Utrecht]

TAALS - The American Association of Language Specialists - language specialists working at the international level, either at conferences or in permanent organizations, and determines their qualifications and standards

Spoken Language Corpus - Summary of work on spoken language at Göteborg University, including discusson of Modified Standard Orthography (MSO). [by Allwood et al, Göteborg University]

DT - Danish Association of State-Authorized Translators and Interpreters - (Dansk Translatørforbund) Association members are translators and interpreters, mostly self-employed, who are certified by the Danish state and who indicate their membership in the Association by writing the letters "MDT" after their name.

Socrates - Links to internet resources in phonetics and speech communication.

AITC - International Association of Conference Translators - Professional body representing translators, précis-writers, revisers and editors working for international organizations or conferences.

Talking Heads - Contains information concerning speech synthesis, vocal tract modeling, facial animation, and the McGurk effect.

SOMI - Society of Medical Interpreters - Provides training for interpreters and providers, including bilingual interpreter services, research and reports, and various links and resources to cross cultural health care.

How to Pronounce "Ghoti" - Brief analysis of why "ghoti" may be pronounced as "fish".

NOTIS - Northwest Translators and Interpreters Society - Forum for professional translators and interpreters in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. An ATA chapter.

Infography about Phonology - List of mostly print resources on phonology recommended by a professor who specializes in phonological research.

CTINB - Corporation of Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters of New Brunswick

Praat - A system for doing phonetics by computer - Free software for acoustic analysis. (by Paul Boersma, University of Amsterdam)

ACT - Association of Centres specializing in Translation - Agrupación de Centros especializados en Traducción

Speech Filing System Home Page - Acoustic analysis software for Windows and Unix.

AACI - Austrian Association of Court Interpreters - or ÖVGD - Österreichische Verband der Gerichtsdolmetscher

Transcriber - Open (GNU) software for segmenting, labeling and transcribing speech.

Hawaii Interpreters and Translators Association - Local meeting schedule and agenda, membership information and documents, links.

Development System for Auditory Modelling - Software that models the auditory system.

SATI - South Africian Translators' Institute - Registry of freelancers, credentialing, industry standards, subchapter contacts, training opportunities, consumer information, links.

Optimality Theory Software - OTSoft is meant to facilitate analysis in Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993) by using algorithms to do work that would have to be done (tediously, and perhaps unreliably) by hand. [by Bruce Hayes, UCLA]

Mexican Professional Association of Conference Interpreters - Working toward awareness and recognition of interpreters working in high profile settings. Admission, registry of members, announcements, and links.

Speech Synthesis and Analysis Software - Listing of software for speech synthesis and analysis.

CHICATA - Chicago Area Interpreters and Translators Association - Provides newsletters, membership directory, language guides, networking and events.

Speech Visualization Software Tools - Shareware tools for speech training using real time visual feedback on sounds. Runs on Windows 95 or 98. Spectrograms and much more.

ATC - Association of Translation Companies - Represents leading translation companies in Britain and other European and overseas countries, through a code of conduct, ethics, ongoing education, and promotion of translation companies.

JavaSpeechLab - Speech analysis software written in Java 1.1.

FIT - International Federation of Translators - Fédération internationale des traducteurs (FIT) is an international federation of translators' associations with member associations in nearly 50 countries throughout the world.

JSyn - Java Audio Synthesis - Java API for real-time audio synthesis and computer music.

PSEM - Panhellenic Association of Professional Translators - Promotes the interests of Greek translators in Greece and abroad.

General Phonetics - A useful course on the basics of phonetics. Many online resources and explanations.

CTIC - Canadian Translators and Interpreters Council - Conseil des traducteurs et interprètes du Canada

Interactive Sagittal Section - Uses JavaScript to display articulations and IPA transcriptions for consonants.

NO - Norwegian Association of Literary Translators - Norsk Oversetterforening - represents the interests of literary translators in Norway and abroad.

On-Line Phonology course - Focuses on English Received Pronunciation.

NETA - New England Translators Association

Speech Analysis Tutorial - Speech Analysis Tutorial

AAIT - Atlanta Association of Interpreters and Translators

ToDI - Transcription of Dutch Intonation - Multimedia tutorial for learning and describing Dutch intonation (by Carlos Gussenhoven, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands)

FLATA - ATA Florida Chapter through its affiliation with the ATA and FIT provides global translation services and networking.

Linear Predictive Vocoder as a Model for Human Speech Production - Interactive tutorial.

CIUTI - International Permanent Conference of University Institutes of Translators and Interpreters

IPA Self-Test - Shockwave game that quizzes users on their recognition of IPA sounds.

LTAC - Literary Translators' Association of Canada - or ATTLC, Association des traducteurs et traductrices littéraires du Canada

FeaturePad and PhonologyPad - FeaturePad: Learn features and check your use of features to describe natural classes and feature changes. PhonologyPad: Implement and check solutions to classical paradigm-based phonology problems.

Arab Translators Network - A directory of Arab translators worldwide, featuring Chaiban Business Encyclopedia, Research Library, legal forms, business information, classified advertisements, magazine, translator certification, and many tools that are essential for a translator, writer, researcher, or student.

University of Michigan Phonetic Training Tools - Downloadable free demo. (Mac only)

STIBC - Society of Translators and Interpreters of British Columbia - This Canadian association regulates the professions of translation and interpretation. Site provides the latest news, projects, events and workshop calendar.

Spectrogram Reading - Information on reading spectrograms.

TTIG - The Translators and Interpreters Guild - Silver Spring, Maryland. Membership documents, free nationwide referral, listing of languages represented, roster of current clients.

Institute of Phonetic Sciences - Organization based in Amsterdam.

NYCT - New York Circle of Translators - Provides New York translators a forum with membership directory, links, workshops, events, FAQs, and the Gotham Translator newsletter.

University of Cambridge Phonetics Lab - Contact information, details about research and links.

ATW - Associated Translators Worldwide - International association of translators

University of Essex Department of Language and Linguistics - Publications, teaching schedules and background information on staff.

Swiss Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Association - Federal database, glossary, professional code, membership directory, and other resources.

International Phonetic Association - Oldest representative organisation for phoneticians. Contains information on membership, publications, and the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Freelance Party - Independent association of translators and interpreters.

U. W. Linguistic Phonetics Laboratory - Information on University of Washington Lingustic Phonetics Lab: people, facility, mystery spectrogram, and projects.

ATINS - Association of Translators and Interpreters of Nova Scotia

UCL Phonetics and Linguistics - Undergraduate and graduate degrees in linguistics, phonetics and phonology; summer course in English phonetics; educational and computatational resources in phonetics.

ATIS - Association of Translators and Interpreters of Saskatchewan

The IPA in Unicode - Unicode standard used by current browsers covers all the IPA phonetic symbols. Listed with their meanings, codes, and advice on Unicode fonts that contain them.

Marc Pichard's Home Page - Translation, interpretation and language links.

IPAPhon - IPA font for Mac and Windows.

Neotext Translation Links - Translation resources.

IPA-SAM - IPA font for Windows.

Internet Resources for Translators - Dictionaries, newsgroups, associations, schools, and translation tools.

Phonetic (IPA) fonts - List of links to IPA and other phonetic fonts. [compiled by Luc Devroye]

Translation Research Directory - Directory of translation and translators resources.

Typing IPA symbols in Word for Windows & Notepad - Methods for typing in the IPA in Word and Notepad.

Internet Resources for Medical Translators - [Java needed] Links list in German, English and Italian for medical translators, by Gilberto Lacchia.

SIL Encore IPA Fonts - Set of scalable IPA fonts containing the full International Phonetic Alphabet.

Translation Information website - Translation resources: links to translation theory resources, tools, online dictionaries, and translation field tests.

A Sound Reference to the IPA - Interactive IPA chart that includes examples of sounds.

Newsgroups and Mailinglists for Translators - Listings with contact information, and brief explanation of group.

Usenet IPA/ASCII transcription - System for ASCII transcription of the IPA.

LANTRA-L - For translators and interpreters of natural languages. Discussion topics include theory and practice, training, tools, terminology and lexicography, work settings, intercultural communication, linguistics.

Universal Phonetic Markup Language - Universal Phonetic Markup Language designed to overtake the old ways of transcribing phonetics and make them more usable.

Terminology Club - Discussion forum for discussion of terminology problems by translators and students.

African Writing Systems - An examination of the writing systems of Africa, including Amharic (Ethiopian).

Bahtera - Mailing list for Indonesian Translators from the Institut Teknologi Bandung.

Symbols - Encyclopedia of western signs and ideograms. More than 2,500 signs, from ideograms to graffiti, arranged into groups according to their graphic characteristics. Their histories, uses, and meanings.

Language and Translation - Links to hundreds of online dictionaries and translation engines and thousands of specialized glossaries. Also translation software downloads, forum, related news, articles, and links.

Impact of the Dravidian Culture on the Writing Systems in India. - A paper which examines the development of scripts in India.

Planet Translation - Bilingual online dictionaries and glossaries with emphasis on English, French and Spanish.

ITRANS - Widely-used software for working with the writing systems of India (Devnagari, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Punjabi, Tamil, and Telugu).

Terminological Information System of the European Union - TIS is a simplified version of the European Union terminological database.

The Numbers in Various Writing Systems - Numbers 1-10, in syllabaries, consonantal scripts, and sign.

Eurodicautom - European Commission Translation Service multilingual term bank. Personal profile for default settings, simple or advanced searching, user guide.

Orthography Examples - Samples of non-Latin writing systems, including Cyrillic, Aramaic, a syllabary, and a phonetic system.

A Handbook for Literary Translators - E-text of the PEN American Center Translation Committee. Available for browser viewing or as a Word 97 download.

What's the Difference between Speech and Writing? - A linguistic comparison of spoken and written language.

Globalization.com - Directory of online interlingual dictionaries and glossaries, arranged by language.

A Study of Chinese Writing Systems - Academic paper which examines Chinese orthography .

Babylon.com - Downloadable dictionary tool, providing translations and definitions for any on-screen word or expression, based upon a growing number of free and premium glossaries.

Blissymbolics Resources - Integrated Pictographic Language System for international communication, currently used by people with language-related disabilities.

Entente - A set of programs for live, two-way, conversational translation between any pair of fourteen languages.

Ancient Mesoamerican Writing - Mesoamerican culture as expressed in Precolumbian writing systems, inscriptions and codices, with links to related sites.

Pars Translator - English to Persian translation software for Windows.

Truetype fonts by Curtis Clark - Downloadable Truetype fonts of ancient alphabets.

Translate Instant Spanish - Phrase by phrase English to Spanish translation software with customizable bidirectional dictionary.

Evolution of Alphabets - Site details the evolution of many of the world's major alphabets.

Translation Software FAQ - Answers to commonly asked questions regarding translation software.

Indian Alphabet Comparison - A comparison of written Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali and Gujarati by Eden Golshani.

GE Trans - Program for translating German texts into English, also useful for translating individual English words into German. Translation database exceeds 225,000 words, with many scientific and technical terms.

The Alphabets of Ancient Italy - Etruscan, Umbrian, Oscan, and Volscian.

PROjectMT - Machine translation system for Windows which provides translations of documents considering syntactic, morphological and semantic links.

Ancient Scripts of the World - Lawrence Lo describes the origins, types and families of writing systems. Sections on phonetics, historical linguistics. Bibliography and links.

Systran - Machine translation of entire sentences.

The Origin of Writing - Post-structural analysis of the non-metrical image writing used by the Aboriginal Peoples of North America during pre-Columbian times, a system based upon material production within a visual context.

Language Translation Software from Translation Experts - Language translation software from Translation Experts available in one of 20+ to/from English combinations and free on-line translation of web pages or any text with InterTran

Amanye Tenceli:The Writing Systems of Aman - Complete descriptions of the Sarati and Tengwar scripts created by J.R.R. Tolkien for his celebrated artificial languages. Also includes fonts and specialized writing programs.

Word Magic Software - English and Spanish translation software and language tools with dictionary, thesaurus, spell checker, verb conjugator and full document text translator.

A Short Presentation and Overview of the Rune alphabet, the Futhark - Contains a good discussion of the changes in the Norse Runic alphabet (the Futhark) over time.

Softissimo - Information on the maker of Reverso, machine translation software supporting English, French, German, Spanish and Russian translation.

Omniglot - Guide to all major alphabets, syllabaries and other writing systems. Also includes information on languages and links to other online language resources.

TransWhiz - Software for performing translations of websites or straight text between Chinese and English.

Creative Ideas: Evolutions in the English Lexicon - The combination of the symbology of the English language with that of mathematics to create new meanings.

Resource Solutions ResMan - Tool for automated translation of Microsoft Resource scripts in German and English versions.

A Philippine Leaf - A description of literacy and writing systems in Pre-Hispanic Philippines.

Ectaco Translation Software - Language Teacher software dictionary for more than twenty languages on most major operating systems and models of personal digital assistants.

Writing in Inuktitut - Includes an interactive Inuit script generator.

STDict 20 Hungarian-English-German Translation - Free dictionary to translate between Hungarian and English, or Hungarian and German for the pocket PC featuring a speech synthesis engine.

Eskaya Script - Describes the Eskaya people of Bohol, and their writing, numerical, and calendar system, as well as links to information about other Philippine scripts.

DICSYL - Products and Services for natural language processing including translation and dictionary software for many languages.

12480 - Information on the 12480 alphanumeric writing system. including font downloads, a FAQ, and many charts and examples.

Traduki - Open source machine translation program, developed with the Python language, covering common languages and eventually many less supported languages.

Linear B - Mohammad Hishmeh gives a very short introduction to the script and its decipherment.

Translation Experts - Company offering products and services including natural language translation software and dictionaries.

Linear B Dictionary - Contains link to twelve page PDF file of Linear B words with classical Greek equivalent, Latin alphabet transliteration and meaning.

WordExpert - Concordance program which facilitates the precise use of technical terms and general vocabulary.

Linear B Tablets and Mycenaean Organization - By interpreting Linear B as early Greek, this short article reveals the complex system of land tenure described in tablets from Knossos and Pylos.

Promt's Online Translator - Multilingual translaton engine: English, Russian, French, German, Spanish and Italian. Translates non-formatted texts, webs pages and e-mail. Specialized dictionaries and Cyrillic font converter.

Prehistoric Writings in Greece - Tracks the development of Linear B from Cretan hieroglyphics via Linear A; some transliteration of symbols derived from Greek words given.

Russian-English Bidirectional Translation - Free online translators (input max 64 Kb), dictionaries, machine translation system. Electronic pocket multi-lingual talking dictionaries (hand-held translator). Language Teacher in English, Spanish, French, Polish, Arabic, German languages.

Prehistoric Documents from Crete - Photographs of inscribed tablets and jars from Knossos, Crete, with commentary on the Linear A and Linear B scripts and their uses.

EWGate Asian Languages Online Translator - Quick translation of sentences from English to Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese and Malay or vice-versa. From the Kent Ridge Digital Labs, Singapore.

AncientScripts - Linear B - Clear .gif images of some basic characters.

T-Mail E-Mail - E-mail and website translator. List of supported languages, personalized e-mail address and login account.

Cretan Writing - Description, history and images of Cretan writing, from pictographic to syllabic.

Free Translation: Translate foreign language text online - Free translation of web sites and text for Spanish, French, and German to English and English to Spanish, French and German, Italian and Portuguese

Craft Goods in Mycenaean Greece - Referenced essay by Andrea Vianello: "What light do Linear B texts shed on the production and consumption of craft goods in Mycenaean Greece?"

Reverso - Online free automatic translation of websites and texts with Reverso from Softissimo, between spanish, french, german and russian.

John Chadwick (1920-98) - Obituary reproduced from The Guardian of the classical scholar who, together with Michael Ventris, deciphered Linear B, the writing used by the Mycenaeans.

Wap Translator - Mobile spanish translator into 4 languages.

The Language of Ancient Egypt - An overview of linguistic features, hieroglyphic writing and texts of Ancient Egypt

Ectaco Inc Free Dictionary Translators - Ectaco Inc provides free online electronic dictionaries forms (from English into more than 20 languages and back).

Hieroglyphs! - A guide and web directory to Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Arabic English Online Language Translator - Translate back and forth from Arabic to English with free online language translator. Islamic cultural emphasis.

Beinlich Egyptian-German Word List - A searchable list of ancient Egyptian words with German translations. Based on Horst Beinlich and Friedhelm Hoffmann's article in Göttinger Miszellen 140 (1994).

AutomaticTrans. Automatic translation services. - Using our ATS services and our team of linguists, we offer translation services on demand, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Registration required.

Hierolgyphs.net - Tools for learning, teaching and using hieroglyphs. Includes two-way dictionaries, interactive grammar lessons, and an online translator which accepts transliterations or English words.

Translate-Free.com - List of online translation engines.

The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian - Detailed introduction and survey, including some helpful .wav files.

Automatic and Human Translation - LogoMedia.net offers a range of services, from web page translation to document translation. Translation can be done using machine translation, or through human translators.

Middle Egyptian - Introduction to middle Egyptian and its hieroglyphs, with resources such as software and discussion forums.

Universal Language Translator - Website and text translation, list of resources.

MacScribe 2.0: Hieroglyphic Text Processor - Software for typesetting Egyptian hieroglyphs on the Macintosh.

AltaVista Translation Service - Translates text and web pages from one language to another, including English, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Russian.

Hieroglyphic Directory - Includes lists of common glyphs and a brief introduction.

Translator Online - Links to general and specialized free translation websites.

Egyptionary - A graphic Hieroglyph-English dictionary. Based on Gardiner, Faulkner, etc.

Mendez iTranslator Online - Request and retrieve human and machine translation on the web. English, French, and German commercial translation services.

Jim Loy's Egyptian Hieroglyphics and Egyptology Page - Online grammar, dictionary, and fonts for ancient Egyptian.

TranslateNow! - On-line Machine Translation from a single page - TranslateNow! Access 13 on-line machine translation systems from a single screen. Have various online machine translation systems translate your texts simultaneously, compare the results and select the one that best suits your needs.

Jol's Hieroglyphs - Introduction into the translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Short, comprehensive quizzes included so progress can be verified. (Answers are included.)

InterTran - Text translation tool with a very large selection of languages - English to Portuguese, Brazilian Portuguese, German, Dutch, Latin American Spanish, Spanish, European Spanish, French, Japanese (Shift-JIS), Danish, Icelandic, Finnish, Italian, Norwegian, Swedish, Russian, Croatian, Hungarian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, Slovenian, Greek, Welsh, UK to US, and vice versa; numerous other translations between a selection of these languages; and English Thesaurus.

Heiroglyphics - The symbols and imagery used in ancient Egypt. Covering aspects of the alphabet, gods and goddesses, commonly found expressions and numeric system.

Stochastic Language Identifier - This program will attempt to identify automatically the language of a sentence, phrase, or word of your choosing.

Egyptian Hieroglyphics - An introduction to Egyptian hieroglyphic writing and numbering. Interactive examples allow users to create hieroglyphic numbers and fractions.

Systran Translation Software - Free online web page and text translation. (The engine behind Alta Vista's translations). - English to French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.

HieroSite - Lessons in hieroglyphics and links to other pages with software.

Voycabulary - Online dictionary and thesaurus web linking lookup reference tool. (Turns each word on a web page into a link to the translation in the respective dictionary). Includes dictionary, thesaurus, medical dictionary, acronym dictionary, English to Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish and Welsh and vice versa.

Centre for Computer-aided Egyptological Research - Developers of computer software relating to Egyptology, especially Glyph for Windows and MacScribe for Macintosh, for typsetting hieroglyphs. Also provide Egyptian word and hieroglyph databases, dictionaries and indexes.

FinnishTrans - Bidirectional word translator between English and Finnish, Spanish, French, Old English, or German.

Lingua Aegyptia - Journal of Egyptian Language Studies - Publishes articles and book reviews on Egyptian and Coptic language and literature: grammar, language history, comparative linguistics, literature.

Skycode Machine Translation - Translation from English to Bulgarian of strings less than 500 characters.

Rosetta Stone - Photograph and description from the British Museum of the slab found in 1799 in Rosetta, with a text written in hieroglyphs, Demotic and Greek, enabling the crucial breakthrough in deciphering Egyptian writing.

Arcnet Translation - Online multidirectional translation between Chinese, Japanese and English of web pages or text.

Rosetta Stone - Photograph and description from Virtis of the famous text in three languages that provided the crucial breakthrough in the decoding of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Translorial Online - Scholarly articles, interviews, and local membership information for the Northern California Translators Association.

Ancient Egyptian Language Discussion List - Online resources for the learning of ancient Egyptian, including hieroglyphic transcriptions/translations, discussion list and online tutorials.

The Translator : Studies in Intercultural Communication - Twice yearly publication from St. Jerome Publishing, Manchester UK. Submission guidelines and archived abstracts.

Historical Linguistics Methodology - Academic papers available in Postscript, PDF, and Word97 formats.

Translation Journal - Quarterly electronic publication from Poughkeepsie, New York. Full text current issue and archives.

What Has a Hippo in Common With a Feather? - Historical linguistics and etymology.

Two Lines - Original translations of world literature into English. Includes source text and translator commentary. Submission and subscription information, roster of contributors, news and links. Based in San Francisco, California.

The Computational Historical Linguistics Project - A joint research project of the Computer and Information Science Department and the Linguistics Department at the University of Pennsylvania.

Palimpsestes - Exploration of theoretical and practical problems of translating between French and English. From the Sorbonne Nouvelle Press. Ordering and submission information, archive.

Corpora and Historical Linguistics - "Historical linguistics can be seen as a species of corpus linguistics, since the texts of a historical period or a "dead" language form a closed corpus of data which can only be extended by the (re-)discovery of previously unknown manuscripts or books."

Translation e-zines - Online journals about machine translation and literary translation, among other topics.

Historical Linguistics - HyperCard stacks (for Macintosh) on historical linguistics, Indo-European roots, comparative reconstruction, and Grimm's law.

Translation and Literature - Published twice yearly by the Edinburgh University Press. Academic articles treat translation as a literary phenomenon. Table of contents, editorial board roster, submission and subscription information.

Genetic Distance and Language Affinities - Between Autochthonous Human Populations.

Projet Érudit - Meta - Issues from 39(1)on.

Sergei Starostin's Etymological Databases - Currently comprise North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, Yenisseian, Altaic, Chukchee-Kamchatkan, Dravidian, and (partly) Semitic (proto-) languages. With reconstructed protoforms (including intermediary) and the attested forms in daughter tongues for each etymon. Downloadable, searchable. Need special fonts, also available onsite.

Norwich Papers: Studies in Literary Translation - Journal on literary translation.

Kjell Gustafson's homepage - Historical Linguistics - An overview of the field of historical linguistics and its sub-disciplines.

University of Texas at Dallas Center for Translation Studies - Literary translation program. Introductory research philsophy, faculty profiles, publishing credits.

LSA Fields of Linguistics - Language Variation and Change - by Sarah G. Thomason of the University of Pittsburgh.

Kent State University Bachelor of Science in Translation - Degree requirements, language concentrations offered, contatct information.

The Power of Greek Words - The influence of Greek on other European languages.

Kent State University Master of Arts in Translation - Degree requirements, language concentrations offered, four-semester course outline, contact information.

Lehmann's Reader: A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics - Anthology of important works of nineteenth-century historical Indo-European linguistics, edited and translated by W. P. Lehmann, 1967.

Department of Linguistics ::: SOAS - Information on BA and PhD courses at the School of Oriental and African Studies.

Grimm's Law - A demonstration of the law.

Bartlett's Unfamiliar Model Language - Summaries of lesser known modular languages written by Paul Bartlett. Afrihili, Eurolengo, Frater, Oz and Tutonish.

The Great Vowel Shift Web Site - An interactive introduction to the Great Vowel Shift, a major sound change in the English language. Includes sound and animation.

Earth Minimal Language - Complete 220 word second compact language.

Take Our Word for It - Weekly etymology magazine.

Constructed Languages - Links to many conlang sites as well as the author's own conlang.

Wilton's Word & Phrase Origins - Etymological site offers a brief history of the English language, discussion boards and a search feature.

Phonetic Picture-Writing - Phonetic picture-writing can also be read phonetically. Its ideograms are composed of special letters. Authored by Leonhard Heinzmann.

The Indo-European Language Family - Extensive collection of resources in historical Indo-European linguistics.

Auxilingua - Offers information on International Auxiliary Languages and Constructed Languages. Articles, language resources, discussions and links.

The Boy Who Followed the Moon - A fairy tale designed to demonstrate Grimm's law.

Scattered Tongues - The Constructed Languages webring, to connect wired linguaholics worldwide.

Schousboe: Teaching Historical Linguistics - For educators- a course curriculum designed for a one-semester course.

The Hector Hodler Library - The Library houses the three collections in the world specializing in literature in and about the international planned language Esperanto and about the wider field of interlinguistics.

Ancient Scripts - Historical Linguistics - Introduction to historical linguistics with language family charts and extensive links list.

Teresh's Constructed Languages - Star Trek languages Klingon, Borg and Elvish, and the role-playing language Tsolyani, as well as the authors own language creations for the imaginary worlds of Amaterasu and Zyem.

Relations between Indoeuropean and Afroasiatic Languages - Traces of possible relations between Indoeuropean and Afroasiatic languages.

Universal Language Dictionary Project - An attempt to create a list of concepts, described in English, along with words to express those concepts in several natural and artificial languages.

Linguistics 450 - Language Reports - A collection of student papers from a historical linguistics class. Covers the histories of individual languages and that of language families.

Model Language Links - Brief notes and links on ModLangs.

Indo-European and the Comparative Method - Everything you ever wanted to know about Proto-Indo-European (and the comparative method), but were afraid to ask.

A Constructed Languages Library - Lists for conlangs and IALs, plus creators of the languages for searching purposes.

Tracking Linguistic Drift: The Comparative Method - Lecture notes.

Richard Kennaway's Constructed Languages List - Notes and resource on both international auxiliary and constructed languages, a large collection of links.

The Proto-Sumerian Language Invention Process - Eleven-page paper describing how the early Sumerians invented their language, with a complete lexicon of the first words in their language.

Constructed Human Languages - Categorized links to information about constructed languages.

Chronology: History of English - "Chronology of Events in the History of English" summarizing the emergence and evolution of the language spanning 5 millenia.

Conlang Yellow Pages by J. Shinavi - List of conlangs in alphabetical order with indication of the basis for the language.

Place Names and Intersocietal Interaction - The relation of place names to inter-tribal relations.

Artificial Language Lab - Language links and reference data.

Seshat the Scribe's Extinct Languages Library - Description of the writing systems of several extinct languages, including Egyptian hieroglyphics, cuneiform, Linear B, runes and other undeciphered scripts.

Language Guides - Huge resource material for natural as well as constructed languages.

Cameron Laird's Personal Index to Anthropologic Resources on the Net - Two software applications to aid glottochronological & lexostatistical analysis.

Planlingvoj - Links to planned languages compiled by the Esperantist Donald J. Harlow.

Encyclopedia.com - Grimm's law - The principle of relationships in Indo-European languages, first formulated by Jakob Grimm in 1822.

Scattered Tongues - Collection of links to artificial languages and information on them.

History of the English Language - A considerable collection of online materials related to the history of English: texts, publications, fonts and course syllabuses. Includes Pre-History, Old English, Middle English, early Modern English and the spread of English beyond the British Isles.

Linguist List: Language games - Mailing list posting author Trey Jones presents a summary of secret and play languages from many cultures, including Cazarny Talk, the Russian Fufa Language, Arabic language play and Bengali Pig Latins. Extensive bibliography.

Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesianae - Philological Thracology. A Traco-Dacian Thesaurus, a few articles and links.

Linguist List: Double-Dutch and Youthese / Pig Latin - Mailing list posting talks about early occurrences of Pig Latin and other phonologically manipulated youth languages.

Introduction to Historical Linguistics - A brief summary of the subject of comparative linguistics.

University of Pennsylvania: Linguistic Form in Ritual and Play - Part of the schedule of lectures and assignments of Linguistics 001. Covers language games, song and verse. Includes a section on Ubbi Dubbi and children's language games in a number of countries.

Indin - Independent investigations into the history of the Indo-European languages and peoples (by Valentyn Stetsyuk). Includes Turkic and Finno-Ugric material.

Linguist List: Pig Latin - Mailing list posting mentions several play languages from different cultures, including Ubby Dubby and one used by natives of central Australia.

NOVA Online-Transcripts-In Search of the First Language - There are surprising similarities among the languages of the world. Could it be that at one time long ago, we all spoke the same language?

Interactive Programming In Java: A Community of Interacting Entities - Word game examples of Java programming. Includes Pig Latin and Ubby Dubby.

Proto-Language - An investigation of the earliest language of man. Comparative studies of the Proto-Language and various language families and languages currently considered to be isolated.

Vietnamese vs English: Noi Lai Play Language - Mailing list thread touches on the noi lai jargon and its significance in Vietnamese society.

Linguists Debating Deepest Roots of Language - The debate on Nostratic- the "Mother Tongue." The New York Times, June 27, 1995.

CONLANG Mailing List: Play Languages - The postings in this mailing list archive cover code and play languages such as whistled languages, Carny (Carneval) Talk, Op, and Turkey Talk. [300 Kb]

Pre-Nostratic Pronouns - by Patrick C. Ryan, Mother Tongue 11, September 1990.

Words and Stuff: Ubbi Dubbi, You're the One - Short article by Jed Hartman about the play language and its popularization by the ZOOM television show. Also mentions the related Double Dutch and Doublespeak.

Was Nostratic A Real Language? - On the family tree of languages, no one is quite sure whether Nostratic is a real branch or a just a shadow that has fooled some linguistic researchers.

Ubi Lubove Yubou - Text, lyrics and MP3 download of "I Love You". Brief explanation of the play language.

Lingua ex Machina: Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the human brain - William Calvin and Derek Bickerton offer three ways for getting from ape behaviors to syntax. They focus on the transition from simple word association in short sentences (protolanguage) to longer recursively structured sentences (requiring syntax).

ZOOM: Ubbi Dubbi Translator - The secret language of this children's television program revealed. Type in text and have it translated from or into Ubbi Dubbi.

MacroEusian - A theory regarding relationships of the language groups.

Itizenscay orfay Esponsibleray Rowthgay - Brandon, Manitoba, Canada's Wheat City News: Citizens for responsible growth.

The Extended Mind: Understanding Language and Thought in Terms of Complexity and Chaos Theory - Robert K. Logan, Professor of Physics, argues that the origins of speech and the human mind emerged simultaneously as the bifurcation from percepts to concepts.

Ysticalmay Okingsmay Eadhay ofyay 'Obbay' - Online oracle. Ask the Mystical Smoking Head of Bob a question and he will answer in Pig Latin, as well as a number of other languages.

Evolution of Communication - An international multidisciplinary academic journal. Contents and abstracts from first three issues.

Pig Latin Home Page - Poetry, calculus, resume suggestions and a translator. Pig Latin and English versions.

Language Origins Society - Its aim is to promote the study of the origins and evolution of language, including the phylogeny of the cerebral correlates, the adaptation of the vocal tract, and the development of linguistic features.

OrgkLay! Interactiveyay Inerday: Eadyray orfay Unchlay - Online humor and satire magazine site KLorg presents a translated version of its main page.

The Role of the Hand in the Evolution of Language - A gestural theory of the origin of language.

The Crazy Old Wizard's Domain: igPay atinLay - Club Obi Wan discussion in Pig Latin.

TheTower of Babel - A project that aims at tracing the origin of the world's current 6,000 languages to a dozen or so protolanguages spoken around the 12th - 9th millennia before Common Era.

Icenselay Agreementyay (Igpay Atinlay Ersionvay) - Pixel Monkey CDs legal agreement in Pig Latin.

SAFi etymology. Indo-European, Nostratic or Eurasian ? - SAFi is a lexeme of several groups of languages such as Indo-European, Semito-chamitic, ouralo-altaic and niger-kordofanian. Its distribution consolidates historical linguistic theories of Nostratic or Eurasian roots previous to the Indo-European one (-7000 years).

Slashdot: Uses of Pig Latin to Defeat RIAA - Thread discusses AIMster's offering of a Pig Latin encoder to circumvent RIAA regulations.

The Indo-European Database - The site contains various resources for Indo-European (IE) Linguistics: description of IE languages and dialects, etymology, Proto-Indo-European grammar, essays and research reports, discussion forum and related links.

Omehay Agepay ofyay Orrazay - Pig Latin version of the Hot Dog link page.

Indus Script Decipherment - A possible interpretation of the Indus Valley scripts as an early form of Sanskrit, with author's curriculum vitae, Indus dictionary and grammar, and merchandise.

In the Beginning .. - Gabe Lopez presents part of the Book of Genesis in Pig Latin.

Promoting Community Languages - From the Welsh Language Board. Ideas and suggestions to agencies, groups or individuals who wish to promote the use of minority languages in their communities.

Applelinks.com: More And Less Pig Latin On The Web - Covers the recent Napcameback.com circumvention of MP3 file-sharing limitations by way of a Pig Latin-inspired encryption. Also gives an overview of this simple code language and translation sites.

Language Policy Web Site - An exchange of news and views on English Only legislation, bilingual education, endangered languages and related issues of U.S. language policy.

Southeast Asian Pig-Latins - Ben Zimmer has compiled bibliographic references on Pig Latin-type play languages in Indonesia and other countries in southeast Asia.

LSA Fields of Linguistics - Sociolinguistics - A brief introduction to the field by Walt Wolfram of North Carolina State University.

I Luvsh Peaches - Pig Latin version of a personal page.

Social Factors - When two people speak with one another, there is always more going on than just conveying a message. The language used by the participants is always influenced by a number of social factors which define the relationship between the participants.

Applelinks.com: Pig Latin Encoding May Defeat Napster Filters - Reports on a simple way to circumvent Napster filters intended to block copyrighted songs from being downloaded for free.

Language Futures Europe - Links to sites about multilingualism, language policy and the dominance of English in Europe.

CNN.com: Canada Firm Uses Pig Latin to Fool Napster Block - PulseNewMedia, a Canadian company, has introduced software intended to help millions of frustrated Napster users to continue downloading free music.

Sociolinguistics - Concept of 'Language' - Need language be seen as a continuum of different accents, or as a fixed structure of rules? Undergraduate essay.

Peter Vallone Speaks Pig Latin - His Democratic nomination acceptance speech.

Attitudes Toward Nonstandard Language in the Classroom - Compares attitudes of German-speaking and English-speaking students and teacher toward dialects of their language. Includes slide show and bibliography.

Anthro-l: Pig Latin - Posting asks about the origins of the jargon and speculates that it goes back at least to mid-18th century England.

Sociolinguistics Laboratory - University of Ottawa - Site details people, materials as well as past and ongoing research studies into results of language contact.

Amousfay Eftlay-Andershay - M.K. Holder's list of famous left handers, in Pig Latin.

American Russian: An Endangered Language? - Article by Maria Polinsky discussing a case of language attrition.

Google: Igpay Atinlay - The search engine, directory, and groups interface in pig latin.

Sociolinguistics Quizzes - Questions to assess your comprehension of the various principles of sociolinguistics. Includes a reading list.

Ible-bay - The Bible in Pig Latin - The first complete translation of the Bible into Pig Latin.

American Dialect Society - Scholarly association dedicated to the study of the English language in North America.

Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal: Aimster's Pig Latin Decoder is Gonester - A recent strategy for getting around recent rulings against Napster's song-swapping service, called the Pig Decoder, has been removed.

Atlas of North American English - A survey of linguistic changes in progress in North American English.

The Nando Times: Pig Latin Software Removed at Napster's Request - File-sharing firm Aimster removed from its Web site a program based on Pig Latin that let Napster users circumvent a court order barring song downloads.

North Carolina Language and Life Project - An organization performing research and leading educational programs in representative speech communities.

ZDNet News: Napster Cracks Down on Pig Latin - File-sharing firm Aimster has removed a Pig Latin-based program from its website that enabled Napster users to get around court-ordered restrictions on the popular song-swap service.

My language - Mailing list about "unofficial" languages and varieties from Europe.

Classic Cryptography: Pig-Latin - Part of a presentation of basic concepts in data encryption. Explains the rules of this simple form of code language.

Language Varieties - Varieties of language that differ from the standard variety normally used in the media and taught in the schools.

Yahoo Groups: igpayatinlay - Online group dedicated to Pig Latin.

Center for Applied Linguistics - Improving communication through better understanding of language and culture.

The Dialectizer - Browse the web or read text in any of several comic English dialects, including Pig Latin.

International Dialects of English Archive - A repository of primary source recordings for actors and other artists in the performing arts.

Game Cafe: Club Girl Tech's Pig Latin Translator - Enter text and translate it to Pig Latin.

Dialect Survey Maps - Online pronunciation test and maps of answers.

English to Pig Latin Translator - Ensures proper capitalization, differentiates between "Y" as vowel and "Y" as consonant, and other refinements.

Language Attitudes Toward Written Taiwanese - A survey on current issues regarding the Taiwanese writing system.

Pig Latin Text-to-Speech Translation - Enter text to hear synthesized Pig Latin renditions. From an otherwise serious Bell Labs project.

Language and Nationalism in Asia - Research on language and orthographic reform in Han cultural sphere, including Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and China.

OMPCAY 225, Ogrammingpray Assignmentway 3 - Loyola University Computer Programming assignment.

Morphosyntax - An archive of recent works in morphosyntax from Stanford University, in PS format.

Pig-hEaDIT - Pig Latin translator for Windows; download or order on CD-ROM / diskette.

Distributed Morphology - A complete overview of the theory of the architecture of grammar.

MIT: Pig Latin Project - Programming project to build a Pig Latin translator applet. Brief description of Pig Latin and Ubby Dubby, a related variant.

Morphological Paradoxes - A review of some of the key questions in modern morphology.

Pig Latin Source Code - Code for Java applet presented by Amy Chavez.

Automorphology - A freeware Windows program that produces an automatic morphological analysis of any language's corpus.

Translator by John B. Chambers - Translates text input to Pig Latin, Swedish Chef, Jive or ValSpeak dialects. Source code available for download.

Categorial Grammar - Dedicated to the dissemination of information regarding categorial grammar (CG), a theory of the form and meaning of human languages.

Jellspace Pig Latin Translator - In C++, available for download; currently runs in DOS. Source code also available.

Interarbora Tree Delivery Service - A Java program that dynamically renders from sentence input a syntactical tree, in accordance with Chomsky's Universal Grammar.

Joe Strout's Python Tidbits - Includes piglatin and depiglatin scripts that attempt forward and reverse translation from English to Pig Latin. Built for the Python programming language.

Linguistic Methodology - Discusses a fundamental methodological error in most branches of linguistic science, using the outdated Government and Binding theory of the Chomskian tradition as an example.

A Glimpse at Perl: Pig Latin Translator - Sample code for a translator.

A Step-by-Step Introduction to the Government and Binding Theory of Syntax - A textbook-length explanation of Chomsky's theory, in PDF format.

Anticlockwise - Finnstek and Ràmnân conlangs created by Tristan Alexander McLeay.

A Minimalist Theory of Human Sentence Processing - Argues that the same set of principles that govern language learning also contribute to a theory of sentence processing.

Language of Ferochromon - Unnamed language of the Ebisedi with information on the fictional setting, grammar and lexicon by H. S. Teoh.

You Have to Pay Your Syntax - An overview of the subconscious yet active process of grammar at work in the human mind.

Moutopia - Homepage of Karl Jahn, with a languages and linguistics section. Includes Dha-Patu, Maldekan, and Contraterran.

Systemic Functional Linguistics Information - Resources for systemic functional linguists, including bibliographies, conference lists, e-mail addresses, links, software, and courses worldwide.

Constructed Languages - Languages of Andal, Old Hyksos and Skerre from Boudewijn Rempt.

BBSPrints Archive - Syntax - Lists published references concerning syntax.

TRD's Conlangs - Description of the author Tommaso R. Donnarumma's conlangs, Streich, Len-qic, Anawanda, Kluna, Gwalan, Ishtalo, Tymlk and Arden.

But There Are no Such Things as Words! - An overview of the nature of the lexeme and morpheme.

Nirdaen - A fusional conlang with its own script and history, authored by Reinhart Keim.

Lexical Functional Grammar Gateway - Information on various aspects of the grammatical theory.

Mark Rosenfelder's Metaverse - The authors site on the conlang he has created and links to other resources.

Xrefer - Morpheme - Defines the morpheme.

The Gevey Language Resource - Gevey is a language spoken in the continent Ewlah on planet Kallieda, by Rik Roots.

Inflectional Morphology - A tutorial explaining several ways to understand the inflectional lexicon.

Thosk - An Indo-European based conlang reconstucted from a 100 or so speakers left speaking variants of the language from Dean Easton.

Causes and Consequences of Word Structure - A dissertation exploring the effects of speech perception strategies upon morphological structure.

Tokana Reference Grammar - Tokana also known as Sul Tokana is a model language, an invention of Matthew Pearson.

Probabilistic Grammars - A presentation on the grammatical theory, including tree diagrams.

Kélen - An attempt by Sylvia Sotomayor to create a non-human language, one that violates language universals.

Metathesis Database - A record of reported cases of metathesis, maintained by the Ohio State University.

The Tymru Language - Scholarly written language of the Aeryn Imperium or Martin M. Conrad II.

Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology - A full outline and explanation of the theory.

Adelic - Artificial descendant of Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Dythonic, High Dythonic and Old Adelic with strong relation to the Germanic languages, created by S.A. Maclagan.

Grammaticality Without Grammar, Iteration Without Forms - Article on Roy Harris's position, elucidated by reference to Kant in his _Critique of Judgment_.

Baronh - Constructed language derived in part from Japanese in Morioka Hiroyuki's book Seikai no Monshou.

Logical Form in Linguistics - Explains the importance of the logical form; specifically, in relation to the syntactically correct form according to Chomsky's theories of Universal Grammar.

Jameld - A fictional Germanic language, with accompanying culture and country, created by James Campbell.

Morphology, The Structure of Words - A complete outlined overview.

The Language Page - A collection of fictional and experimental languages created by Herman Miller.

Arizona Minimalist Syntax Archives - A collection of papers written within the context of Chomsky's Minimalist Program.

Amman Iar - David Bell's personal conlang designed to fit his own linguistic and aesthetical preferences.

Language Universals - An overview of language universals: semantic, phonological, and syntactic, as well as absolute universals.

The Uqoi Language - Alien language created for a race called Zhoo'oonaiï.

Research Centre for Linguistic Typology - Australian National University. Dr. R.M.W. Dixon, director.

Planet Nazaea Series - Fictional world based on Startrek culture with conlangs developed by the author.

Studying Language Typology by Means of Corpora - The use of corpora in the study of Old English.

Praxian Tribal Tongues - Details the languages spoken by the Animal Tribes on the Plains of Prax in the world of Glorantha.

Association for Linguistic Typology - Organization whose purpose is to advance the scientific study of cross-linguistic diversity and the patterns underlying it.

Taneraic - A private language created by Javant Biarujia with its structure and translations.

Comparative Lexicostatistics - A brief history and bibliography of key works.

Teonaht - The language of the Teonim people, created by Sally Caves.

The Formal Approach to Meaning - Short survey of semantics of natural language by Barbara Abbott, at University of Michigan. Focusses upon Montague semantics, and tries to give a feel for the main open problems in the field.

Language Creation - Pablo David Flores, the creator of many fictional conlangs, also links to language resources.

The Four Basic Ontologies of Semantic Interpretation - Article by Roland Hausser comparing approaches to semantics between linguistics, philosophy and computer science, and classifying them into four kinds depending upon whether or not they are realist, and whether or not they make a sense/reference distinction.

Mesogeoika - Consists of Greek grammar and romance, plus Greek and Germanic vocabulary.

Layers in the Determiner Phrase - PhD thesis by Roberto Zamparelli, with extensive supporting material, and a facility to send online feedback. Investigates semantic parallels to syntactic arguments for Szabolcsi and Abney's `DP-hypothesis'.

Vorlin Language - S. Amposta's additions and translations to Vorlin.

Review of `From Discourse to Logic' - Review by Varol Akman of the book by Hans Kamp and Uwe Reyle.

Danovën - History, outside influences, questions and answers, phonology (with audio files), grammar, and translations.

Review of `Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction' - Published review by Jarol Akman of John Lyon's book.

Language of the Dead - Glossary adapted from Stephen King's novels.

Review of `Type Logical Grammar' - Review by Jaroslav Peregrin of Glyn V. Morrill's book.

Modern Gothic - Describes an alternate history where the Gothic language survives in a modified form. Site includes sample texts, a reference grammar and graphics.

Approaching Natural Language Via Mediaeval Logic - Article by Gyula Klima.

Riddley Walker - Discusses the devolved form of English in the novel by Russell Hoban.

A Semantics for Durative Adverbials - Article by Cristopher Piñón.

Tundrian Language - A variety of Romance spoken on an island west of France. Phonology, spelling, grammar, English-Tundrian dictionary, and texts.

SEMANTIK mailing list - Majordomo based mailing list for semantics organised by the Gesellschaft fuer Semantik.

Nickish - Multilingual website with learning materials for Nickish.

Gesellschaft fuer Semantik - English homepage of the young academic organisation concered with the semantics of natural languages. Organises the Sinn und Bedeutung workshop and the SEMANTIK mailing list.

Nimyad - Lexicon, word derivation, history, phonology, corpora, discussion.

Semantics Archive - Scholarly research paper exchange for language semanticists. Browseable by author or date; submission and update forms, users guide.

Toki Pona - Primitivist, pidgin-like language designed to express basic human realities by reducing ideas to their most simple and universal meanings.

Lexicalization or Discourse Use - Paper exploring the number and type of core semantic roles.

Geoff's Artificial Languages - The conlangs of Breathanach and The Liotan languages family created by Geoff Allan Eddy.

Concepts in the Lexicon - Report by John F. Sowa, discussing the role of the lexicon in conceptual knowledge.

Wessisc Language - Inspired by Brithenig, a language created by Damon M. Lord.

Dallas-Fort Worth Center for General Semantics - Provides educational materials and resources for promoting mental health and adjustment through self-aware use of language and symbols.

Kinya - Grammar sketch of Kinya, with notes on the writing system from Maurizio M. Gavioli.

Logical Form in Linguistics - Entry in the MIT Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences, by Robert May.

Interdimensional Travel Agency - Languages constructed from the Thundercats series.

References for Questions Seminar - A list of references on the semantics of questions compiled by Maribel Romero.

Vaior - Grammar, dictionary, primers, word order, formulae for use in writing letters.

The Syntax and Semantics of Questions - Resources for a research seminar series by Paul Hagstrom. Slides for all lectures are available in PDF format.

Senu Yivokuchi - the Language of the Bokuchi - Grammar, phonology, dictionary, and glossary of linguistic terms.

The Hows of Why and the Why's of How - Investigation of an instance of how-why alternation where how is construed as causal rather than manner.

Lesko - The language of a fictional planet inhabited by a race who call themselves lesu or singular, les. By Shawn C. Knight.

Events and Processes in Situation Semantics - Article by M. Georgeff, D. Morley and A. Rao giving a basis for the theory of events and processes in situation semantics.

Romulan Dictionary - English-Romulan and Romulan-English.

Computational Situation Theory - Report by Erkan Tin and Varol Akman investigating computational aspects of situation semantics.

Romulan UTA - Translate Romulan phrases with an extended Romulan vocabulary.

Situations and Computation - Survey article by Erkan Tin and Varol Akman, examining computational frameworks for situation semantics.

Romulan WWW Guide - Fonts and links.

Burghard B. Rieger: Situations, Language Games, and SCIPS - Article by Burghard B. Rieger about the modelling of semiotic cognitive information processing systems.

Romulan Language: History and Background - Introduction, phonology, morphology, syntax, number system, and dictionary.

Analysis of Speech Acts in Situation Semantics - Abstract of a paper by Chung, Myung-chong.

Vulcan Language Institute - Information on three related languages: Traditional Golic Vulcan, Modern Golic Vulcan, and FthinraKathi.

Situation Semantics and Computational Linguistics - Article by Burghard B. Rieger.

Vulcan UTA - Look up a Vulcan word. Translate phrase to Vulcan. Part of UTA project for Klingon, Romulan and Vulcan.

Situations, Topoi, and Dispositions - Article by Burghard B. Rieger, subtitled `On the phenomenological modelling of meaning'.

The Vulcan Language - Phonemic inventory, word classes, intensive reduplication, syntactic relationships of entity-words, action-state words.

Review of `The Semantics/Pragmatics Interface' - By Francisco Yus of Turner's book. Appeared on the LINGUIST list.

Vulcan Academy Linguistics Department - Documents and links pertaining to vulcan-linguistics.

The Semantics-Pragmatics Distinction - Article by Kent Bach.

Vulcan Dictionary - Words and meanings, with phrases and some vocabulary.

Default Semantics, Pragmatics, and Intentions - Article by K.M. Jaszczolt discussing the distinction between semantics and pragmatics.

English-Talossan Dictionary - [PDF: 1.3 Mbytes] An almost complete list of English words with a Talossan counterpart. More than 100 pages long.

On the Semantics and Pragmatics of Information Packaging - Article by Herman Hendriks.

Talossan-English Dictionary - [PDF: 1.1 Mbytes] An almost complete list of Talossan words. Includes a recent page of addenda.

Structural Linguistics and Formal Semantics - Article by Jaroslav Peregrin, discussing to what extent Chomsky's views displace Saussure's.

El treisoûr del glheþ Talossán - Práimhoct - [PDF: 245 kbytes] The 1997 foreword to the Talossan-English/English-Talossan Dictionary.

Dynamic Semantics with Choice Functions - Essay by Jaroslav Peregrin formalising an approach to dynamic logic which introduces choice functions such as exist in ZFC set theory.

¿Qët isch el Glheþ Talossán? - [PDF: 152 kbytes] Ben Madison's attempt at a comprehensive description of the Talossan language from different angles.

Topic Focus and the Logic of Language - Essay by Jaroslav Peregrin arguing for the importance of topic focus in the dynamic semantics of Groenendijk and Stokhof.

La Scúrzniâ Gramáticâ - [PDF: 307 kbytes] The second edition of Ben Madison's grammar, with a pronunciation guide.

Propositional Dynamic Logic - Postscript format survey article by Marc Pauly written from a computer science perspective.

Talossan Language Home Page - A historical overview of the language.

The Linguistics Wars - Review by John Lawler of Randy Harris' book. The book is a history of the war between the generative semanticists and the interpretative semanticists.

Klingon Language Institute - Nonprofit organization whose site includes basic information, shopping for related materials, and a mailing list.

Constraints and The Linguistic Wars - Discussion piece posted by Pauline Jacobson to the Liguist list, concerning whether the project of generative semantics constrained generative transformations.

mu' HaqwI' - A two-way translator and morphological analyzer, available online or as a download.

A Talk with George Lakoff - Interview by John Brockman at The Edge. Lakoff is one of the founders of generative semantics.

Klingonska Akademien - Includes documentation of all canon, careful analyses, links, and reference materials.

Semantic Syntax - Selected extracts of a book by Pieter Seuren on the transformation of theories of semantics into theories of syntax. Relevant to computational linguistics and the debate on Generative Semantics.

North Star Klingon Outpost - Includes software, a phrasebook, an online game, and links.

Lexical Semantics Bibliography - Compiled by Heidi Harley from reponses to a request posted on the LINGUIST list.

Klingon Links - Links to other sites and personal contributions to poetry and literature.

Contextually-Dependent Lexical Semantics - Online text of the PhD thesis of Cornelia Maria Verspoor, Edinburgh University, 1997.

On the Edge of the Galaxy - Glen Proechel's newsletter.

Lexical Semantics of Language Design for Machine Translation - Online monograph by Rick Morneau.

Nick Nicholas' Klingon Page - A full recording of the projects of a noted expert. It includes translations of Shakespeare, the Bible, and a number of other items. Available in English and Klingon.

Lexical Semantics and Linking and the Hierarchical Lexicon - PhD thesis (Stanford) of Tony Davis. Available in Word and postscript.

Rojqoq - MP3 download of the song "Rojqoq," which translates to "So-Called Peace." Includes the written lyrics in Klingon and English.

Semantic Lexicons: the Cornerstone for Lexical Choice in Natural Language Generation - Report on approaches to semantic lexicons by Evelyne Viegas, from the point of view of their relationship to NLG (Natural Language Generation) systems.

tlhIngan Qummem - A directory of interested persons and a collection of relevant materials.

The Psychology of Language Page of Links - Maintained by Roger Kreuz at the University of Memphis. Over 400 links.

The Klingon Language - Includes dictionary and analysis program, translations of English works, links, and other resources.

Bilingualism and Neurolinguistics Database - A collection of references to scientific work on bilingualism and neurolinguistics, provided by the University of Birmingham's School of Education.

tlhIngan Hol gho - An e-group. From WebRing.

SUNY Psycholinguistics Laboratory - Describes the research, personnel, publications and facilities of the Psycholinguistics Laboratory at the University at Buffalo.

d'Armond's Klingon Resources - Resources including a syntax analyzer, a FAQ, links, sound files, and a word of the day.

Brain and Language Laboratory at the University of Georgetown - Lab with a focus on the neural bases of language. Their research suggests that vocabulary and grammar are associated with declarative and procedural memory systems.

Teresh's Klingon Stuff - A resource including texts, grammar addenda, a font, and a free flashcard program.

Models of Spoken Word Recognition - Summarizes existing models of speech perception and spoken word recognition. Provides key architectural features of each model, a glossary of terminology, and references.

Voragh's Notes on Klingon Cursing - A comprehensive dictionary.

Equial, Language Acquisition Research Team - Spanish research team at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, working on the adaptation of the MacArthur CDI's to Spanish.

The Raven - A translation of Edgar Allan Poe's poem.

Speech, Gestures and Motion Events - Research program investigating the relation between children's spatial gestures and language specific semantic distinctions between Turkish, English and Japanese.

Spirit of Kronos - Features a mailing list, chat room, information, and links.

Psycholinguistics Arena - Provides professionals and researchers in the area of Psycholinguistics with information on the range of Book, Journal and Test publications produced by Psychology Press, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group.

Tengwar Textbook - A reference manual for writing with the Tengwar, in a Zip file.

The Fields of Linguistics - The Fields of Linguistics according to the Linguistic Society of America. Of particular relevance for Psycholinguistics are Language and Brain, Slips of the Tongue and Neurolinguistics.

Ardalambion - Essays on the tongues of Arda, Tolkien's youthful invented languages, glossaries, Elvish poems by other authors, linguistic discussions, and links to further resources.

Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics - Home page of the research institute in Nijmegen.

Appleyard's Quenya Document - Plain text examination of Quenya grammar.

Language Disorders Arena - Provides professionals and researchers in the area of Language Disorders and Aphasia with information on the range of Book, Journal and Test publications produced by Psychology Press, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group.

Nólë Parma Lambeo Areldava - Lore book of the High Elven tongue. Verses and prose translated into Quenya with notes.

Pléh, Csaba - Researches sentence understanding and language acquisition with specific reference to Hungarian; sociology of language, history and theory of cognitive psychology. University of Szeged, Hungary.

Elvish Linguistic Fellowship - An international organization devoted to the scholarly study of the invented languages of J.R.R. Tolkien.

Psychological Experiments on Language Online - Take part in scientific studies that investigate human linguistic behavior

Minas Formen - Contains Quenya and Sindarin texts and basic dictionaries.

Brain and Language - Interdisciplinary journal that publishes clinical, experimental, and theoretical research in human language or communication in relation to any aspect of the brain or brain function.

TolkLang - Usenet list on Tolkien language, with links to documents and other resources.

Cognitive Linguistics - Scientific journal that presents linguistic research on the interaction between language and cognition. Focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing and conveying information.

Tyalie Tyelellieva - A journal printing works in Elvish, and awarding an Elvish Poetry Prize.

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research - Interdisciplinary journal that covers a broad range of approaches to the study of the communicative process, including social and anthropological bases, development, biological foundations, psychopathology and neuropsychology.

Tolkien Language Translator - Translates to and from Quenya, Sindarin, and Teleri. Uses JavaScript.

Language and Cognitive Processes - Publishes theoretical and experimental research into the mental processes and representations involved in language use. Research area's include linguistics, philosophy, cognitive neuropsychology and computational modelling.

Eldalamberon - An irregularly published magazine, Parma Eldalamberon, which focuses on Tolkien's languages.

Language and Speech - Interdisciplinary journal for research that contributes to our understanding of the production, perception, processing, learning, use, and disorders of speech and language.

Utuvielye Quenya - Focus on Quenya. Contains a rough translator and pronunciation guide, along with links to other resources.

Language Learning - Scientific journal dedicated to the understanding of language learning broadly defined. Covers child, second and foreign language acquisition, language education, and bilingualism.

Elvish Linguistics Mailing List - The Elfling list exists to further the scholarly study of the languages invented by JRR Tolkien.

Mind & Language - Interdisciplinary journal on the phenomena of mind and language. Presents research in linguistics, philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive anthropology.

Asea Aranion - Tolkien, his languages, and his books, with an English to Quenya dictionary.

Bilingualism: Language and Cognition - International peer-reviewed journal focusing on bilingualism from a cognitive science perspective.

Silmerino Mar - Elvish studies and criticisms on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien.

Journal of Child Language - Print and electronic journal focusing on the scientific study of language behavior in children. Instructions for authors and free access abstracts.

Quettar Tolkieno - Listing of Tolkien's created words organized into books, and provided with page references.

Can Chimps Talk? - Introductory essay by Robert Beard discussing animal language studies and their implications for nativism, the doctrine that humans possess a specialised faculty for language acquisition.

Gwaith-i-Phethdain - Devoted to languages of Middle Earth. Grammars, dictionaries, essays and other resources, along with user submitted texts.

Chih-Hao Tsai's Research Page - General overviews and references on the subjects of language processing, the mental lexicon and language processing in Chinese.

Studies on the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien - Discussions of Quenya's relation to Finnish, an Elvish plural FAQ, and a Tengwar font.

Genie, Secret of the Wild Child - Broadcast transcript about a girl who grew up without exposure to language until she was 13 years old.

Elfscript - E-mail discussion of J.R.R. Tolkien's orthographies and scripts, such as Tengwar and Cirth.

Mama Teached Me Talk - Introductory essay by Robert Beard on the tacit nature of first language acquistion.

Neil.Franklin.ch - Index of /Usenet/rec.arts.books.tolkien.

A Review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior - Noam Chomsky's much cited review (1959) of the ultimate behaviorist work on language. Includes the introduction to the 1967 reprint.

Appleyard's Black Speech Document - Plain text, in depth analysis of Tolkien's samples of the language, along with examples and explanations of created words and phrases.

Three cognitive theories: major differences and similarities - Talmy, Langacker, Jackendoff - Paper (Bilyana Martinovski, 1995) comparing the cognitive theories of language of Jackendoff, Langacker and Talmy.

Men Eldalambinen - A place in the elven tongues, created by Petri Tikka. Contains Elvish prose, poems and translations.

Independent Learning - Organization for language practitioners, researchers and other interested parties in the area of independent learning.

Elfling - Email list to further the scholarly study of the languages invented by JRR Tolkien and discuss the current state of research into Tolkien's languages.

Foreign language resources - Collection of foreign language links designed for beginning and intermediate foreign language students.

The Sindarin Dictionary Project - On-line Sindarin search engine and downloadable PDF dictionary.

Multi-Faceta - Resources for multilingual families on raising multilingual children, multiliteracy skills, multilingual school curricula.

Lambë Eldaiva - The Language of the Elves contains Quenya grammar tables, glosaries, categorical wordlists, compositions, and applications.

Languages of the World - Links to language resources including Indonesian, Swedish and the Classics.

Mellonath Daeron - The language guild of Forodrim, the Stockholm Tolkien Society.

Modern Languages Links for teachers and students - A collection of links designed to assist teachers and students of Modern Languages. France, in particular the French media and the area of Burgundy, is the main area covered, but there are many sections of general use for linguists.

Black Speech - J. R. R. Tolkien's Black Speech from his Lord of the Rings trilogy, with new words and grammatical rules.

Languages on the Web - All about foreign languages, as many as 400 different languages, online language courses, language sites evaluation and free advice on how to study.

Amanye Tenceli - Dedicated to the Tengwar and Sarati writing systems, includes overviews and downloads for fonts and transcription utilities.

Agora Language Marketplace - Extensive collection of resources: learning materials, language publishers, study abroad, language lab hardware, newsletter for the language professional, and a section devoted to business.

Dan Smith's Fantasy Fonts for Windows - Tengwar, Cirth, and Runic fonts.

Foreign-languages.com - Directory of foreign language courses on the Internet and in the world

Haldailin - Translation of texts into Elvish languages, using both gifs and Elvish fonts.

The Linguist List - Site maintained by moderators from Eastern Michigan University and Wayne State University. Loads of resources: links, e-mail help, software, etc.

Proposal to Encode Tengwar in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2 - Michael Everson's proposal to add Tengwar to the ConScript Unicode Registry.

Search Language Resources - Language resources directory of grammar, schools, dictionaries, tuturials, and translation.

Tengwar Numbers - Counter script programmed in Perl to display Tengwar numbers.

Meirionnydd Languages - Russian, French, beginners' Welsh, English language for foreign learners, individual residential crash courses, revision, personalised postal tuition at your own speed, e-mail.

Tolkien Font Library - Several fonts for Middle-earth languages.

OISE Intensive Language Schools - Over 25 years' experience makes OISE the preferred learning organisation for many students and companies. Intensive tuition in English, French, German and Spanish in excellent locations.

Tolkien Languages Transliterator - An applet that will allow displaying a transliterated version of texts entered.

Another Language : foreign languages / translation - Links to books and sites for people who want to learn foreign languages / guide to becoming a translator

Yamada Web Guide to Tolkien Languages - Fonts, mailing lists, and links.

Absolute Authority on Foreign Languages - A comprehensive collection of authorities, directories, education, news, products, community and more on foreign languages.

YaTT: Yet Another Tengwar Tool - Software tool for two-way transcription of Tengwar in various language modes; also includes a discussion forum.

SpokenLanguage.com - Courses in ESL many other languages. History and techniques, course catalog, Arabic-English Dictionary. Based in Ithaca, New York.

The Ceqli Language - A logical language created by Rex May based on Mandarin grammar with word roots mostly from the world's largest languages, maintained by Alexander Browne.

Materials for Learning & Teaching Languages - Online materials for reading, writing, speaking, listening to languages. AUDIO & QUIZZES.

Liva - A language, version 3.2, developed by Claudio T. Gnoli. Introduction, writing system, phonology, morphology, syntax, vocabulary.

Language Box - Versatile site for learning foreign languages, experiencing world press, radio and TV, art, culture and general civilisation of different countries.

Danovën / Arovën Language Pages - Danovën the language of logic, is the strictly unambiguous form of Arovën, the language of thought, designed by J.J. Shinavier.

Top20Languages.com - Online Directory for Language Education. - Top20Languages.com - Online Directory for Language Education in Russin, German, French, Spanish, Latin, Japanese and others.

Loglan - General information on logical language Loglan founded by James Cook Brown with grammars by Bob McIvor and novels by Alex Leith.

Daily Linguist - Daily email magazine an English phrase translated into several European languages and Hindi, free subscription.

Ceqli - Also known as Cheng-lee, it is a logical language created originally as an attempt to reform Loglan, by Rex May.

MFL Graphics - free software downloads, cliparts and other free resources for language teachers. Helps you create your worksheet and organise your work in the school.

Voksigid - Logical language developed by Bruce R. Gilson for reforming of Loglan and Lojban. Greatly influenced by Japanese but reversed verb-first and prepositional.

Penton Overseas - Self-paced foreign language study in Spanish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Chinese. Audio book and games for children and travellers. Based in Carlsbad, California.

The Syntax of CycL - A logical language created by Cycorp. The vocabulary of CycL consists of terms.

Languages: French, German, Spanish, Latin - Global languages resources for high school students.

Links to Logical Constructed Languages - List and links prepared by Alkaline creator of Minyeva logical language. Brief useful explanations of and links to other logical constructed languages like Loglan, Lojban, Voksigid, gua!spi, Ceqli, Liva, AllNoun, Danovën, Arovën and CycL.

Connect El Mundo by Language - A few links to learning Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, and Thai.

Minyeva (Formerly Malat) - Called the most logical language created, by its author Alkaline.

Unforgettable Languages - Free sample excersizes and ordering information.

Nuzban - Lojban-only news site.

Lianne's Foreign Language Program Reviews - Self-study foreign language review, with emphasis on French and Spanish.

Official Lojban Home Page - Contains current reference materials such as word lists, reference grammar. Also has a collection of sample texts, and various software, including a YACC/LALR machine parser.

Logoi - Language learning products, articles, resources, and links. Based in Santa Barbara, California.

Ko Viska La Balvi - Lojban news, various word lists, including some suggestions for computer terminology.

Berlitz - Language instruction, translation and localization services worldwide.

Lojban - A Logical Language - A short introductory article about Lojban written by Robin Turner.

A la Carte Languages - Courses in Spanish, English, German, French, Italian. Also translations and interpretations, voice over talent and production located in Winter Park, Florida.

The Automated Glossary Constructor - A web-based glosser/translator that lets you enter any number of Lojban words, and gives you their English equivalents.

Vocabulary Test - Java applet to test vocabulary skills between English and French, Spanish, German and Czech.

ARJ's Lojban Pages - Essays on Lojban usage, and some original poetry in Lojban, unofficial gismu, a Lojban hash file for Unix's ispell, and the home page of the channel #lojban on EFnet.

Boz's Polyglot Chat Room - Chatroom those who want to learn or practice a language.

#Lojban Logs - Logs and statistics for the channel #lojban on the OpenProjects IRC Network.

Multilanguagelab.com. - Web translation gateway to professional multilingual translation services.

Lojban Mailing List - The official Lojban mailing list at Yahoo Groups (formerly eGroups). Both for newbie questions and obscure, technical discussions. Posts can be in English about Lojban, or in Lojban about anything.

MIT Libraries: Foreign Language News and Newspapers - Electronic journals, newspapers and magazines are available in Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish.

Using Tengwar to Write Lojban - A detailed proposal for how to write Lojban using J. R. R. Tolkien's Tengwar.

Vocabulary Training Exercises - Take a pop quiz in French, German, or Spanish, similar to working with flash cards. You can also quiz yourself in specialized subjects.

Lojban Wiki - Various information about and in Lojban. Lojbanic culture, slang, literary conventions and proposals for new vocabulary.

BBC Education - Languages - Online multimedia learning resources in Spanish, German, French and Italian. With Real Audio, Real Video, and Shockwave.

La Tenguar - A proposal to use the Tengwar alphabet to represent the constructed language called Lojban.

Language Tutorial Directory - Directory of online language tutorials.

Lojban Links - A collection of links on the artificial language Lojban/Loglan

Learn to Swear in Foreign Languages - Learn swear words in over 30 languages. Site also features a random insult generator.

Lojban Webring - Main page for the webring of all things Lojban

WannaLearn.com: World Languages - Collection of free online tutorials, lessons, guides and instructionally oriented websites for learning various European and Asian languages.

Lojban Resources - List of dictionaries and glossaries currently in the works.

Free Online Language Lessons - Hundreds of links to free language and grammar lessons for most majority languages of the world. Links to dictionaries and translation engines.

Lojban Brochure and Lessons - Current drafts of the introductory brochure and lessons on Lojban.

LearnPlus - Innovative online language courses combining interactive features with feedback from real language tutors. Effective and fun.

Essays on Artificial Language Design - A collection of writings on language design.

Blank Slate - Links to lots of language tutorials and other language-related material with language learning tips.

LangMaker.com - Invent your own language resources with FAQ, links to other languages and book list.

smartlingua e-Learning - Online language instruction programs.

Lang Game: by Decker - Language creation game presided and run by Decker. Five phases. Details to join.

InterDeutsch - Offers three courses for German.

Conlang Yahoo - The signup page for the Yahoo.com Constructed Language mailing list.

My Language Exchange - Learn Foreign Languages Online - Language exchange learning via pen pals, text chat and voice chat using free lesson plans.

Optimal Auxiliary Language Guidelines - Revised edition of an article discussing the design factors to be considered in creating an artificial language for global communication.

Speak and Learn - Online language classes in French, German, Italian, Spanish, English as a foreign language in a virtual classroom complete with a live teacher and other students.

How To Create A Language - Site by Pablo David Flores, the creator of many fictional languages, on how and why to invent languages.

International House - A virtual language school offering personalized tuition through the internet.

How to Build a Language - A general overview of many constructed language. Introduction with personal analysis and conclusions.

Madelaine's Language Learning Portal - Links to study most of the world's languages online. Site content available in French or English.

Artificial Languages - An essay on the nature of artificial languages, by Robert Isenberg.

Audio-Forum - Self-instructional audio & video programs in 110 languages from Afrikaans to Zulu. Includes large Native American collection.

Conversational Maxims and Principles of Language Planning - Scholarly article on brevity, ambiguity and redundancy in planned languages, by Hartmut Traunmüller.

Champs-Elysées, Inc. - Audiomagazines in French, German, Italian and Spanish, include news, features and interviews on a variety of topics. Produced in Europe by professional broadcasters.

Conlang Archives - Large searchable archive of the conlang mailing list.

E.L. Easton Language Links - Materials for language teachers and translators.

Language Construction Kit - In-depth introduction to language creation, by Mark Rosenfelder.

LanguageTapes - Pimsler audio cassettes, software, and books for a wide variety of languages.

Ranto (JBR AntiZamenhofism) - A somewhat humorous argument against Esperanto by Justin B. Rye.

Foreign Travel Phrase Cards - Easy to use, pocket size, foreign language phrase cards for travelers in over 30 versions.

Conlang Archives 1991-94 - These are the early archives of the mailing list.

LearningRussian.com - Help to learn Russian language on-line, Phrase of the day, Grammar Reference Book, bilingual library, links to the Russia related resources, and russification.

SF Xenolinguistics (JBR Primer) - Humorous article on alien languages, with ideas on universals and variations.

Foreign Language Calendars - Calendars in French, German, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, & Russian.

LangMaker.com - Simplification of C.K. Ogden's Basic English with vocabulary limited only to the Modern English words derived from Anglo-Saxon terms.

University of Arizona Computer Aided Language Instruction Group - Interactive demonstration lessons for Chinese, Brazilian Portuguese, Japanese, Korean, Lummi, Russian, Spanish, and Turkish. Includes Sun audio (.au) files.

Maxit - An expert system that uses artificial intelligence to validate texts written in AECMA Simplified English, or any Controlled English vocabulary.

Cortina Master Linguist Courses - Learn Spanish, French, German, Italian, Modern Greek and Brazilian-Portuguese with Cortina master linguist courses.

The Archaic English Project - Reformed English taken from Old English and a collective activity to prepare a dictionary for those Old English terms.

Speak a Language.com - Language learning courses for Spanish, Japanese, Italian, French, German, Chinese, Russian, English-ESL, Greek, Arabic, Korean, Hebrew, Irish Gaelic, Dutch, Swedish, Polish, Vietnamese, Portuguese, and Norwegian. Free language dictionary.

Americai Speak Page - Respelled simplified English language for international usage created by Ruby Olive Foulk and published in 1937.

Jon Meier's Language Sandwich - Resources for teachers and learners of French and German with tips and materials for students and teachers at secondary school level.

Dan Scorpio - A guide E-Prime usage and its use for negotiation.

Quizzes, Games and Exercise - German exercises, teaching help and a link to a collection of 1000 quizzes, games, and exercises in 5 languages

Working with E-Prime - English language without the verb "to be", article by E.W. Kellogg III and D. David Bourland Jr.

Language Exchange Finder - Site for locating language exchange partners.

Anguish Languish by Howard L. Chace - This 1956 book uses English strictly for its sounds, not meanings. Words become warts, and English Language becomes Anguish Languish.

KaleidoVox - Free on-line and downloadable materials for learning Hungarian, Spanish, English and other languages wtih grammar and vocabulary exercises, games and tests.

David-Wynn: Miller - Seeks to demonstrate the application of a mathematical quantum language format for English through the analysis of certain legal documents.

The Twisted Doors - Bilingual French-English or Spanish-English combined mystery book and grammar plus accompanying audio CD for beginners and intermediates.

Basic English and Grammatical Reform - This 1937 pamphlet describes and justifies Basic (a simplfied English), written Charles K. Ogden.

Talking PhraseBook - Online phrase book with Flash Player 4 sound files.

Basic English Hurrah - The history of the language and the efforts made to revive it.

Language and Culture - Sound files for commonly used phrases in more than thirty languages.

Ogden's Basic English - Information on the constructed language created by Charles Kay Ogden.

American Name Society - Promote onomastics, the study of names and naming practices, both in the United States and abroad. Seeks to find out what really is in a name, and to investigate cultural insights, settlement history, and linguistic characteristics revealed in names. Site includes membership and publication information.

DiLingo - Artificial language created by Sumus Cacoonus.

Canadian Society for the Study of Names - Promote the study of all aspects of names and naming in Canada and elsewhere, as well as the exchange of ideas among onomatologists, toponymists and scholars in the related fields of literary. Site includes program, membership, and publication information. onomastics and linguistic aspects of names.

Novial98 - Ongoing revision project to revive and improve Novial language and update the vocabulary though remaining faithful to the general directions of creator of the language Otto Jespersen.

International Council of Onomastic Sciences (ICOS) - International organization of all scholars who have a special interest in the study of names. The aim of the Council is the advancement, representation and co-ordination of name research on an international level and in an interdisciplinary context.

Univeral Language and Common Script - Bahaï position on a universal language.

Lexicon of Greek Personal Names - This project is part of Oxford University, under the aegis of the Board of Literae Humaniores. The purpose is to collect and publish with documentation all known ancient Greek personal names (including non-Greek names recorded in Greek, and Greek names in Latin).

Lingua Franca Nova - Created by Dr. C. George Boeree to be a particularly simple, consistent, and easy to learn language for international communications.

Anglo-Saxon Studies Bibliography - Onomastics - Onomastics section containing bibliographies and references sources on both Anglo-Saxon place and personal names.

Romanova - An inter-Romance constructed auxiliary language based on the four major Romance languages, and is intended for international communication among speakers of Latin languages.

Anthropological Linguistics - An academic journal. Among the subjects it covers, onomastic studies.

Bruce R. Gilson's Language Page - With links to specific languages, descriptions of their backgrounds and language-related links.

Scott Childers: Onomastics Resources - A personal page that is intended to be an annotated bibliography of sources for the study of names.

Otto Jespersen - His work for an International Auxiliary Language, By Henry Jacob, 1943.

PlacesNamed.com - Geographic and onomastic Encyclopedia of the United States and reference information. Lists proper names as surnames and placenames.

International Auxiliary Languages - Site with various books and articles on international auxiliary languages, plus links to related sites.

Behind the Name - The meaning and history of first names.

Universal Language - Interdisciplinary articles on artificial language, communication and culture in language usage, typology, and universality in language with applied linguists in mind.

Lurline H. Cultharp Collection of Onomastics - A Bibliography - Bibliography of books, articles and other onomastic resources at the University of Texas, El Paso.

Slovio - Constructed language based on Slavic languages.

The Alias Collection Onomastikon. - An etymological name collection. Includes lists of most popular names in certain countries and decades. A project of Obloquium Athenaeum.

Sona - An auxiliary-neutral language.

UK English Place-name Information Service - Find out the meaning of English place-names and where known, trace back to their original roots.

Earth Language - Known also as EL is a rational multi-method language designed by its creator Yoshiko McFarland.

Earth Mother Sacred Language - A study of the thesis that some ancient names worldwide have similarities that can be explained as strings of god-related names.

International Auxiliary Language - Document presented by the Transnational Radical Party and Esperanto International Federation

The CALL Cookbook - Recipes for working, web-based language learning activities. Rice University.

Bibliotheca Occidental - History, progress, regulations, theory and reality of Occidental.

CALL: Computer-Assisted Language Learning - Information about specialized topics within the broad category of computer-assisted language learning, as well as CALL links for every language taught at the UW-Madison.

Interlingue-Union - Official site for the organisation. It gives information about the Union and the Interlingue language, by Edgar von Wahl.

The Virtual CALL Library - Links to language learning shareware and freeware.

H. Jacob on Occidental - Its history, grammar and vocabulary.

Computer Assisted Language Learning @Chorus - CALL job announcements, product reviews and demonstration CALL activities.

The International Language Ido - Contains numerous downloadable plain text resources, including Ido wordlists (dictionaries) for English, German, French, and Italian.

NETEACH-L - On-line discussion of issues related to using technology as a language education tool. List archives and links.

Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona (Ido) - Official site of Ido, the international language. Site in Ido and tens of other languages.

Computer-Assisted Language Learning - A short bibliography of ERIC documents related to CALL, from the Center for Applied Linguistics.

Ido-Glosa Comparison - Comparing the vocabulary and word power of Ido and Glosa, two International Auxiliary Languages (IAL). 2000 entries from each IAL language. English translations.

Computer-Assisted Language Learning: Current Programs and Projects - ERIC Digest. An overview of CALL technology.

Ido, Esperanto Reformita / Ido-Skolo - Elementary, intermediate and advanced level lessons in English to teach the Ido language / Vortaro Ido-Esperanto, Esperanto-Ido da Sro Kuriyama Hitoshi / Vortaro Ido-Angla, Angla-Ido.

CALL Bibliography - An extensive list of print CALL resources.

Idolisto - This is a e-mail list for Ido. It's a really busy list, so it's very useful for people who want to learn Ido. Writing messages to this list in other languages than Ido is strongly discouraged.

CALL for Japanese Writing - Development of computer assisted language learning system for Japanese writing using natural language processing techniques.

Ido, linguo internaciona, universala - Useful links leading to web pages about the international language Ido in many languages.

Technology and Second Language Learning - ERIC Digest. Types and uses of educational technology in the language classroom.

Glosa.org - Information the Glosa language with learning and text materials, links, mailing lists and their organization.

More Than Just the Internet: Technology for Language Teaching - This ERIC digest highlights non-Internet technology for teaching and learning foreign languages.

Glosa Designed Language - Presentation of Glosa by Robin Gaskell. About Glosa's inventor, it's features, samples, prose with parallel text in English, children's stories, learning materials and what is IAL.

Internet Technologies for Authentic Language Learning Experiences - This ERIC Digest highlights a number of Internet applications that can be used to enrich the foreign language classroom.

Ido-Glosa Comparison - Comparing the two International Auxiliary Language (IAL) vocabularies and word power with 2000 entries from each language. English translations.

Articles on Computer Assisted Language Learning - A large collection of full-text articles on CALL and the Internet by S. Kathleen Kitao and Kenji Kitao.

Glosa Dictionaries - Brief introduction to Glosa, links to related pages, contacts to "Glosalist" discussions, notes on Glosa synonyms, omissions and agglutination.

ESL Cafe's Discussion Center: Computer Assisted Language Learning - A messageboard for those interested or involved in CALL.

Esperanto: Multlingva Inform-Centro - Multilingual Information Center about Esperanto: Information in many languages about Esperanto

Computers and Language Learning: An Overview - 1998 paper by Mark Warschauer and Deborah Healey discusses current teaching practices and research related to the uses of computers in the language classroom.

Esperanto Access - Access to information in and about Esperanto on the World Wide Web

Using Computers with Adult ESL Literacy Learners. - An overview of various types of computer software and instructional strategies used effectively with ESL adult literacy learners.

Esperanto Koresponda Servo - Esperanto Penpal Service

Using the World Wide Web with Adult ESL Learners - Using World Wide Web activities as a source for authentic language learning experiences.

Negative Aspects of Esperanto - Linguistic critique by Justin B. Rye

Task-Based Activities: Making the Language Laboratory Interactive - Supporting communicative approaches to language instruction through interactive activities.

Psychological Reactions to Esperanto - Classic essay by Belgian/Swiss psychologist Claude Piron

CALL Glue: Scripting Languages for Computer Aided Language Learning Systems - Text processing using the computer programming languages Perl, Tcl/Tk, and Python, Perl scripts for extracting sentences out of HTML web pages.

A Key to the International Language Esperanto - Concise overview of core grammar and lexicon.

CALL Help Page - Links to tools for creating language lessons.

Suite101.com: Esperanto - Newsletter discussing history and developments in Esperanto.

Internet-based Language Learning - A list of language learning projects which incorporate the internet.

An Esperanto Weblog - Random observations about the international language.

Language Learning & Technology - Online journal devoted to technology and language education research for foreign and second language educators. Full text of articles available.

Prague Manifesto - Declaration of widely shared principles of the Esperanto movement, July 1996.

ReCALL Journal Online - Back issues of ReCALL journal in PDF format.

Pasporta Servo - International hospitality service for young people speaking Esperanto.

Computer Assisted Language Learning Journal - Abstracts of published articles, subscription information and manuscript submission guidelines.

Esperanto Grammar - Written in English with emphasis on morphology.

European Association for Computer Assisted Language Learning (EUROCALL) - Association of language teaching professionals interested in all aspects of the use of technology for language learning. Membership information, events and publications.

Esperantujo - Brief description of the language and a short Esperanto-to-English dictionary of essential words.

Computer Assisted Language Instruction Consortium - CALICO is a professional organization that serves a membership involved in both education and high technology. Membership, special-interest groups, and publication information available.

An X' Analysis of Esperanto - Transformational analysis of Esperanto by Masahiko Komatsu.

JALT CALL - Computer assisted language learning section of the Japan Association for Language Teaching.

A Brief History - History of the International Language Esperanto. Boulogne Declaration, basic grammar, lexicon and texts.

Oriya Language Resources on the Web - Collection of links.

Esperanto Panorama - Well-designed and comprehensive directory of websites in Esperanto and in English about Esperanto

Oriya Language in the Information Age: Need for a Bold Initiative - Essay on how the Oriya language can be adapted to the computer.

Reta Vortaro - Collaborative multilingual Esperanto dictionary.

Oriya Alphanumerals - Illustration of the letters and numbers used to write the Oriya language with.

Esperanto Viva! - A free correspondance, featuring 10 lessons to introduce one to Esperanto.

OCR and Speech Recognition for the Oriya Language - Technical paper by Sanghamitra Mohanty of the Department of Computer Science and Applications, Utkal University in Bhubaneswar, Orissa (India).

Esperanto Phrases - Some phrases in Esperanto

Languages Spoken in Afghanistan - Information about Pashto and Dari (Afghan Persian) and their alphabets. Also includes an online Farsi translator.

Esperanto Course - This course offers a guide to Esperanto.

Iranian Languages and Scripts - An educational site about various aspects of ancient and modern Iranian languages, as well as about their dialects. Also, information on learning the modern Persian language and on UniPers, an attempt at providing it with a Roman-based script.

So You Want to Speak Esperanto? - Introductory article by Mark Bailey on Micheloud's "Learning Languages" site.

Parthian Language - A brief introduction to Parthian history and language, with analyses of texts, names of the Parthian kings, and a glossary.

Esperanto for English Speakers - A seven-lesson course for English speakers.

Kurdish Language and Linguistics - A very large collection of articles and links.

Esperanto HyperCourse - Based on the HyperCard Esperanto course. For english speakers.

Learn Kurdish Online - Courses to learn Kurdish in English and Turkish.

Esperanto Learning Aids - Web pages, on-line courses, local classes; hosted by the U.S. Esperanto youth organization.

Iraqi Kurds - Language Issues - Overview of dialects, alphabets, grammar and literature.

Esperanto Resources - Lessons, grammar, and articles.

Kurdish Virtual Academy of Language - Alphabet, articles, books, coining, courses, dictionaries, dialectology, education, etymology, FAQ, grammar, history, journals, language, literature, maps, organizations, proverbs, poetry, reports, links.

ESPED: Esperanto in Education - Mailing list, organizations, courses, projects, materials; hosted by the Esperantic Studies Foundation.

Yahoo! Groups : Sogdian-L - Unmoderated forum for the discussion of language and other topics as they relate to Sogdian studies.

Free Esperanto Course - Study of the international language Esperanto with free email-based course. Online application.

Sogdian Language and Scripts - Article on Sogdian language and scripts with samples and bibliography.

Virtual Esperanto Library - Collection of links to sites about learning Esperanto on the Web.

Tajik Language Profile - General information, linguistic affiliation, dialects, orthography, linguistic sketch, status, and history.

Quia - Esperanto - Esperanto learning materials in the Quia site (Quia Quintessential Instructional Archive). Includes vocabulary quiz.

A New Tajiki Language Program - New language program offered at the Department of Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures at The University of Texas at Austin.

Esperanto in 21 lessons - A straightforward introductory course by "Languages Made Clear"

Tajiki Characters and Fonts - Exploration of the problems of encoding the Cyrillic script, as used in Tajiki, for use on computers.

Gerda - An advanced free email course in Esperanto. Accompanying wordlists are available for speakers of English, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese and many other languages.

The Lord's Prayer in Tajiki - Versions of the Lord's Prayer in Tajiki, in all three possible scripts (Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic).

Kurso de Esperanto - Multilingual program for learning Esperanto, 16 languages available.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Tajiki - Tajiki version, written in the Arabic script.

Languages Made Clear: Esperanto - A 21-lesson, grammar-oriented introductory course

The Tajiks of Afghanistan - Overview of the Tajik ethnic group (who speak Tajiki) living in Afghanistan.

Teaching Esperanto in the Elementary Grades - Materials and techniques for teaching the Esperanto language in the elementary grades. An article by R. Kent Jones, ELNA Commissioner for Education.

Useful Phrases in Tajik - Some useful phrases and words in Tajiki, in Roman transliteration, with their English equivalents.

Esprimoj - English-Esperanto phrase book.

Persian or Farsi? - An article lamenting the increased use of the term "Farsi" and arguing that "Persian" is the proper name of the language.

Free Esperanto Course - A free course for beginners, administered by email. Available for English, Chinese, Finnish, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish speakers.

Persian Fonts - A Persian font available in all formats (TrueType, PostScript, and bitmapped) for Macintosh.

Zam's Esperanto Course - Amusingly presented introductory lesson: pronunciation, parts of speech, basic vocabulary.

Association for Persian Language, Linguistics and Computing - Includes four special interest groups: linguistics, natural language processing, philosophy and literature, and scripts.

Esperanto by the Beat - A Rhythmic Self-study Course in Esperanto

Persian English Dot Com - Persian language learning resources. Includes Iranian chat, forum, translation information, lessons, quizzes and "Today's Persian Word."

A Key to Inter-National Language Esperanto - Concise user-friendly grammar guide by R. Kent Jones and Christopher M.A. Zervic.

Farsi Pronunciation Guide - Lists 21 letters in Persian script and their corresponding letters in English.

Australian Esperanto Association - Includes links to local groups

Easy Persian - Online lessons in listening, speaking, reading, and writing Persian.

Esperanto League of North America - Despite the name, this is the national organization for the U.S.A. Site includes information about the language, the organization, local clubs, teachers and learning resources, and other topics.

A Grammatical Sketch of Ossetic - Over 100 pages in JPEG format that may be downloaded for personal, nonprofit use. [By Abaev]

Swedish Esperanto Federation - One of the best Esperanto sites on the Web.

The Ossetes - History of the Ossetes, including that of their language.

Universala Esperanto-Asocio - The largest international organization of Esperanto speakers. Multilingual site.

The Ossetian (Ossetic) Language - Collection of links to Ossetian language resources.

USEJ - US Esperanto Youth - Excellent source of information and links.

Avesta Language - Its discovery and history of research.

Esperantic Studies Foundation - A non-profit research foundation that promotes sustainable multilingualism, through Esperanto and other means.

Avestan Alphabet - Origin, notable features, and GIF images of the letters.

Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San-Marino - One of the most active scientific associations using Esperanto. Information in several languages.

Avestan Overview - Charts of noun cases and verb suffixes; link to graphemes and pronunciation.

Bahaa Esperanto-Ligo - History of Baha'i support for a universal language, activities of the Bahai Esperanto League.

UCLA: Pushto Language Profile - Article on the Pushto (or Pashto) language, its history and role in Afghan society.

Esperanto in Canada - Canadian Esperanto Association website, with links to local groups across the country

Germanic Languages - This page presents a tree of Germanic Languages and capsule descriptions of them.

New Zealand Esperanto Association

The Germanic World - Articles, translations, bibliographies and Germanic language poetry.

Esperanto Lincolnshire - Esperanto club in Lincolnshire, England.

Scandinavian Language Online Resources - Links to dictionaries, glossaries, phrase books, linguistics information, texts, and courses for Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish.

Bogota Young Esperantists Association - Trilingual site for young people: music, humor, news, etc.

Thor's Germanic Language Links - Index to multilingual sites featuring Germanic linguistics, language learning, and related cultures.

Esperanto in the UK - Informative site and resource guide to Esperantist organizations, activities, learning aids in Britain.

Society for Germanic Linguistics - Founded in 1968 to serve scholars teaching and researching in Germanic Linguistics and Philology. Journal of Germanic Linguistics, newsletter, and conference updates.

Esperanto Associo de Suda Afriko - Esperanto Association of South Africa trlingual site in Esperanto, English and Afrikaans.

German Linguistics Occasional Papers - Student-run, contributed content, electronic archive for graduate students in Germanic linguistics. Includes submission instructions, archived documents and links.

Skolta Esperanto-Ligo - International association of Scouts and Guides using Esperanto. Information in several languages.

Scandinavian Languages Grammar Comparison - Comparison of Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, and Faroese grammars examining verbal inflections and exploring uses of certain dialects.

Esperanto Association of Britain - Includes links to local groups in the UK and Ireland.

Germanic Languages Links - Links to various resources on Germanic languages including dictionaries, language learning and general information.

World Organization of Young Esperantists - Youth wing of the UEA. Multilingual site.

Lowlands-L - E-mail discussion list for Lowlands languages and cultures: Dutch, Zeelandic, Frisian, Limburgish, Low Saxon and derivatives--Afrikaans, Emigré Dutch/Frisian/Low Saxon, related pidgins and creoles, English and Scots. Subscription information, message archive, links.

BEMI - International association of Esperanto speaking cyclists.

Online Presentations in and about Lowlands Languages - Searchable index of links to Lowlands language sites: Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Frisian, Limburgish, Low Saxon, Scots, Zeelandic (Zeêuws, West Flemish, French Flemish), and other Pidgins and Creoles.

Scottish Esperanto Association - Well-designed, informative site

A Brief Germanic Linguistics Page - Runic inscriptions and comparative versions of the Lord's Prayer in early Germanic languages.

Esperanto Association of St. Louis (EASL)

Characterization of the Germanic Language Family - Short survey of the linguistic characteristics of the Germanic family.

A Reply to Some Arguments against Esperanto - Arguments in defense of Esperanto by Sybil and Don Harlow.

Learn Dutch - Well presented language course combining texts, pictures and sound, including forums and tests.

Esperanto: A Language for the Global Village - Comprehensive introduction by Sylvan Zaft in 24 chapters, appendix and bibliography.

D4E (Dutch for English) Homepage - Mailing list on Dutch language learning and related items for English speakers.

Esperanto: Frequently Asked Questions - International FAQ maintained by Yves Bellefeuille.

Dutch Studies Web: Literature and Language - Collection of links from the Dutch Studies Web.

Esperanto - An Overview - Another FAQ written by Don Harlow.

Onze Taal - Links to sites for foreign (beginning) students of Dutch.

Esperanto FAQ - Oftaj demandoj Part 1/2.

Acht Voor Taal - Interactive Dutch language course for beginners.

David Poulson's Esperanto Column - An ongoing series of short articles on many aspects of Esperanto, begun in June 1998.

Are you in Dutch? - The word 'Dutch' in English, and Dutch words in English.

From - Excerpts from an unpublished work by Don Harlow.

Spreek Je Nederlands? - Basic grammar and vocabulary, with list of irregular verbs.

Esperanto Studies and Interlinguistics - An index page for scholarly work on Esperanto and constructed languages.

Hebrew Words in Dutch (via Yiddish) - Article by Marco Schuffelen.

Brief Note on Esperanto - A more academically flavored FAQ written by David Jordan, Professor of Anthropology at UC San Diego.

DutchUSA - List of English words (not only US English) of Dutch origin.

Esperanto FAQ - Oftaj demandoj Part 2/2.

Integral Dutch Course - Description of the grammar with exercises.

A Key to Esperanto - Concise, accessible overview of Esperanto grammar.

Peter Large's Dutch Page - Articles, translated Dutch poems, and collection of links to Dutch language and culture sites.

Reasons for Learning Esperanto - An interesting compilation of arguments over the merits and limitations of Esperanto, by Ken Caviness.

Dutch for Travelers - Nederlands voor Reizigers - Basic words and expressions with soundfiles (Au format).

International Character Standards - Article about international character standards, Latin 1, Latin 3, Unicode, UTF-16, UTF-8, with particular reference to Esperanto.

Cursing in Dutch - A guide to strong Dutch language from a Swedish perspective.

Accented Characters for Esperanto - Typing advice for Mac and Windows users from part 14 of the Esperanto FAQ.

Amsterdam Phrasebook: Learn the Lingo - English to Dutch phrasebook, concentrating on expressions unlikely to be found in language guides for the family.

Rano.org - Letter codes for Esperanto.

History of the Dutch language - Extensive information offered by the Nederlandistik department of the University of Vienna in Dutch, German and English.

iPerl for Multilingual Web Pages - Use of iPerl (inverse Perl) to request and provide alternative pages in Esperanto and other languages.

Famous Dutch Proverbs, Products, and Habits - Dutch proverbs and terms for cultural items and issues, with English translations.

Esperanto Unicode Keyboard - Esperantization of the keyboard of Windows 2000 and Unicode programs in Windows 95/98/ME and NT 4.0.

Euromosaic - Dutch - Sociolinguistic survey of the use of Dutch (or Flemish) as a minority language in northern France, near the Belgian border. Collection of links. Bilingual site (English and French).

Komputada Leksikono / Computational Lexicon - Over 2500 computing terms with explanations in Esperanto and translation of terms into English and Russian.

Introduction to the Dutch Language - Eleven lessons by Ruud Rietvink.

Interlingua-English: Introduction - The Introduction to the 1951 Interlingua-English Dictionary extensively explains the fundamental theory and methodology behind the international vocabulary used in Interlingua.

Dutch 101 - Introduction to Dutch grammar and vocabulary.

Alyssa St. James in Interlingua - Facts about Interlingua; a short grammar; tips for learning Interlingua; list of links. Also inside: a short bibliography; a history of Interlingua; and information in Spanish.

History of the English Language - Collection of links maintained at University of Vermont.

Latino Moderne - A version of Interlingua with a more naturalistic and extensive grammar.

The Xtag Project - Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) project, a geometric method for analysing English grammar.

iGLOS - International Glossary - Two dictionary projects: aiGLOS (English-Interlingua Glossary) and iGLOS (international Interlingua Glossary). By Jay Bowks. Also: the original IED (Interlingua-English Dictionary).

The American Language, by H.L. Mencken - Online publication of the full text of a classic book on the history and nature of American English, with particular attention paid to the discrepancies between British and American English.

Concise English-Interlingua Dictionary - By F.P. Gospill and B.C. Sexton. In HTML format; one web page for each letter.

Alt.Usage.English FAQ - Newsgroup discussing English usage, maintained by Mark Israel.

Interlingua Dictionaries - List of all interlingua dictionaries and glossaries designed for use with Babylon-Pro.

Talk Tidy. The Language of South Wales as an Art Form. - A humorous dictionary of the English dialect used in and around the valleys of South Wales.

BlueGrass Interlingua Club - Educational Interlingua site in English and Spanish. Includes an Interlingua course for beginners focusing on composition and vocabulary development.

Society for the Preservation of English Language and Literature (SPELL) - An organization of people determined to resist the abuse and misuse of English in the news media and elsewhere.

Quia - Interlingua - Ten games that help you learn Interlingua. Most are in Java. Vocabolary, phrases, antonyms, synonyms, etc.

World Wide Words - History, origins, evolution and idiosyncrasies of International English, from a British viewpoint. New words and words in the news are regularly featured.

Postal Course - Interlingua course in eight lessons from the British Interlingua Society. With small dictionary and multiple choice test.

Alan Cooper's Homonyms - Extensive list of homonyms/homophones in American English from various sources, along with links.

Interlingua pro viagiatores (English) - Basic Interlingua for travellers, at travlang.com. With sound.

Survey of English Usage - University College (London) researchers focusing on grammar and linguistics, plus world-wide usage. Includes the "Internet Grammar of English".

Verbix - Automatically conjugate Interlingua verbs.

Coined by Shakespeare - Sales pitch for a book published by Merriam-Webster. The site provides a sample of words created by Shakespeare, together with the passage they occur in.

A Grammar of Interlingua - Booklet describing Interlingua's full grammar. Original by IALA, 1951, as reprinted in 1971. By Alexander Gode and Hugh Blair. Web version by Edo Neilson.

English Contrasted - Native and non-native English-language accents are demonstrated from around the world, through the use of downloadable sound files.

Shavian Alphabet - Shavian is a phonetic alphabet for the writing of English.

Web Frequency Indexer - Contains a script that shows the frequency of a word in some text that is entered. Allows list to be sorted by the least to most, most to least or alphabetically.

Chez Decker - Links to script languages designed by Decker.

List of Banished Words - Annual list published by Lake Superior State University of words that should be banished from the English language for misuse, overuse, and just general uselessness.

Aurebesh - An aesthetic Star Trek alphabet.

CoBuildDirect - Description of an online commercial service that provides a very large corpus of current British English usage for the purpose of helping people with the learning and teaching of the language.

Center for Semiotics - A research and educational unit of the University of Aarhus, Denmark. Site includes papers and publications, seminar calendars, and description of research in semiotics, cognition, and linguistics.

The Discouraging Word - The Discouraging Word defends the English language from its abusers and misusers. Frequent updates, polls and a custom dictionary.

Semiotics - Well-organised semiotics links assembled by Martin Ryder

British National Corpus (BNC) - Description of and guide to a database containing a 100-million word collection of written and spoken language samples from a wide range of sources, designed to represent a wide cross-section of current British English. The database itself is available on a CD-ROM that must be purchased.

Semiotic Terms - Glossary by Cliff Joslyn

Common Errors in English - Clear and concise explanation of the difference between correct and incorrect usage in American English spelling, grammar and idiom, with entertaining examples.

Cognition and Semiotics - Cognition and Semiotics: Carlos Colón

An Etymological Dictionary of Classical Mythology - English words (including personal names and tradenames) with origins in Greek and Roman mythology. Author: Elizabeth Wallis Kraemer, Assistant Professor at Oakland University in Rochester, MI, USA.

Communication Science vs. Semiotics - Paper by Carlos Colón

The Great Vowel Shift - Brief treatment of the systematic sound shifts involving Middle English stressed vowels that changed the pronunciation of English beyond recognition.

Critical Semiotics - Paper by Scott Simpkins

Infernal English: Usage Experts Change Their Minds, Too - Anne H. Soukhanov, lexicographer, shows that grammatical rules are not necessarily set in concrete.

Critiques of Semiotics - Paper by Scott Simpkins

The American Dialect Homepage - Resource for both linguistic and literary scholars about regional varieties of English in the United States and Canada. Includes maps, annotated link directory, and dialectology bibliography.

Bolter: Electronic Signs - 'Electronic Signs': Jay David Bolter

The Armchair Grammarian - Studies in English grammar, punctuation, and composition. Includes a discussion of the methodology involving the creative writing process as it relates to fiction and theories of characterization.

Sign-Signifier-Signified - Radio Programme Script and RealAudio versions, ABC Radio National/Open Learning Australia: Series Producer, Michael Dwyer

Canadianisms A to Z - A glossary of Canadian English, explained in terms of American English.

Semiotics according to Robert Marty - Some personal research and links to texts.

Triplehoms - Collection of homonyms with three or more spellings, e.g. "to, too, two."

Semiotics - Summary of the major areas of semiotics as outlined by Saussure, as well as criticisms and the relationship of semiology to structuralism. By Mick Underwood.

Canadian English - Survey of the main characteristics of Canadian English, with emphasis on what distinguishes it from American English. Web still under construction.

Semiotics for Beginners - Comprehensive hypertext introduction to semiotics, by Daniel Chandler (University of Wales, Aberystwyth).

New Words in English - Neologisms and novel uses of words in English collected by members of a Linguistics class at Rice University.

Multiple-Choice - Semiotics Quiz: Thomas Streeter

English Grammar Gone Awry - Collection of common errors made by native English speakers with real-life examples of errors on public signs.

Definition Generator - Defining letters of the alphabet enables automatic definitions of all words in the English language.

Online Technical Writing: Common Grammar, Usage, and Spelling Problems - Commas, colons, semicolons, apostrophes, hyphens, comma splices and run-ons, fragments, problem modifiers, parallelism, subject-verb agreement, pronoun references, pronoun case (who, whom), capitalization, when to use numbers versus words, symbols, and abbreviations.

SYMBOLS.com - Encyclopedia of Western signs and ideograms.

Real English - Reference and practical material connected with the use of English as it is actually used in everyday life.

Department of Semiotics - Lund University, Sweden.

A Study of the Formants of the Pure Vowels of British English - MA Thesis (1960) of Prof. J.C. Wells of the University of London concerning the pronunciation of vowels in "Received Pronunciation".

Department of Semiotics - University of Tartu, Estonia.

English Words from Sanskrit - Depicts 300+ English words related to this ancient Hindu language.

SLCC Online - Writing Center for Writing Students. Links to research information.

Due to the number of items we have listed in this category we are terminating the listing of items at 1000. Please use our SEARCH features to determine a more specific site for your needs.

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